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HISTORICAL SKETCH 



OP 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 



By GEORGE DAVIS. 



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WEST BROOKFIELD, MASS. 
POWER PRESS OF 0. S. COOKE AND CO. 

1856. 

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INTRODUCTION. 



The suggestions of a learned and higly esteemed friend, 
first prompted the writer to attempt a brief history of the early 
and subsequent settlers of Sturbridge. He was led to be- 
heve, upon reflection, that such a work would be a memorial 
of deserved respect and gratitude to our ancestors, and per- 
haps be, in some degree, useful. Gratitude, for what they had 
endured and accomplished, not only for themselves, but for 
posterity ; and useful, in whatever their example is worthy of 
imitation. 

The relation, which binds us to a venerated ancestry, must 
be cherished, if after generations would derive practical in- 
struction from the influence of their example. The history of 
a town has many features bearing a strong resemblance to 
that of the nation to which it belongs. It is especially so in 
those great transactions which are deeply felt in every part. 
Our struggle for independence (which ought to be kept in 
perpetual remembrance) united the combined efforts of every 
section of the confederacy, and was equally beneficial to every 
part in its momentous results. The inhabitants of a town 
may feel a laudable pride in the reflection, that their fathers 
bore a distinguished part in the accomplishment of so great a 
common blessing. 

We have, with considerable research, endeavored to ascer- 
tain the names of all, who, from this town, bore arms in the 
French and Revolutionary wars. With many of those vene- 
rated men, the writer was personally acquainted, and was en- 
abled, by aiding them, in procuring pensions, to become more 
particularly acquainted with their revolutionary services. In- 



IV 

formation, in relation to others, he has obtained from various 
reUable sources. From a venerated friend, who has measured 
almost a century, he has been favored with very many im- 
portant facts. To other aged men, he feels himself indebted, 
for similar facts. He has stated the period of each man's 
services as definitely as he could ascertain the extent of such 
services ; and has briefly sketched the characters of a consid- 
erable number, and certain events and transactions, in con- 
nection with their services. Of others, he would have spoken 
more particularly, had he possessed the desired information. 
Most of those men wore in the common walks of life, indus- 
triously toiling with their hands for their own support, and 
that of others. He has sketched the characters of many 
others, especially those who passed through the revolutionary 
scene, but were not personally engaged in the conflict. He 
has remarked at some leugtii on the agricultural interest, and 
of its changes and improvements which have taken place. 
He has spoken of the provision that has been made for the 
instruction of the rising generation in the primary school. 

The greatest portion of what is now Soulhbridge, having 
been identified with Slurbridge, and being as before, one corpo- 
ration nearly a century, the writer has connected them to- 
gether in this sketch. It is gratifying to those of us espe- 
cially, who arc advanced in life, to consider Southbridge still, 
as a member of the original family. The developments of that 
enterprising spirit which has marked her course, is viewed 
with laudable pride. Our attempt would manifestly be but a 
partial undertaking without the connection of Southbridge. 

The great change which has taken place, ia reference to 
the manufacturing interest, within the last half century, is 
more strikingly manifested in Southbridge than in Sturbridge. 
He has spoken of the origin of this interest, and its progress, 
somewhat in detail. 

He has sketched the early movements of the temperance 
reformation, and also for spreading the Gospel. 

Making his sketch a little more general, he has given his 
views of the administration of the general Government, from 
its origin to the present time. 

He would observe, that it has not been his intention to su- 
persede, or render less useful, the interesting and valuable 
sketch of Sturbridge, by the Rev. Dr. Clark, who has always 
shared so largely in the esteem and respect of the people of 
Sturbridge. That work includes an ecclesiastical history of 
Sturbridge, which we have not embraced in ours. Our con- 
troling motive, in attempting the undertaking, was to preserve 
a record of our men wlio were in the rreucii and revolution- 



ary wars, and also of the commencement and developments 
of industry, which have rendered the Quinaboag an extended 
theatre of laudable enterprise. 

We have revived the names of many of the first and sub« 
sequent settlers, the ancestors of many families, now residing 
among ns. We have endeavored to ascertain, who com- 
menced the settlements of various portions of the two towns, 
and have attempted a brief description of the villages, and cer- 
tain other striking localities. We have sketched some of the 
customs, not now observed. We have taken very considera- 
ble pains that the work should be substantially correct in 
regard to facts, but the writer cannot flatter himself that it is 
entirely so. He would say, in conclusion, that he has en- 
deavored so to express himself, as to be understood by the 
reader. 



HISTORICAL SKETCH. 



In or about the year 1727, a few individuals from Med- 
field and the vicinity, visited the tract of land which 
was incorporated into a town, by the name of Sturbridge, 
having previously been called Newmedfield. It then in- 
cluded a great share of the territory, which now composes 
the town of Southbridge. It is presnmable, that they did 
not come with any cheering hopes of making a settlement, 
as the impression abroad was, that this section of country 
possessed few attractions for other settlers, besides its native 
occupants. The highest estimate put upon it, was <£1000. 
We are ready to believe, the prior examinations had not 
been sufficiently thorough, for the deserved credit of the 
territory. 

This unfavorable impression, no doubt, prompted the 
Medfield visitors to be particular in their observations. 
They witnessed a variety of soil, adapted to a variety of 
tastes and purposes; an ample supply of water in ponds, 
brooks and rivulets, conveniently dispersed over the sur- 
face, and an abundance of material for fuel, and other ne- 
cessary purposes. They, no doubt, thought the Quineboag 
would be useful for saw-mills and grist-mills. It is not at 
all probable they even imagined its future importance. It is 
evident that the result of their researches was in favor of 
the contemplated enterprise. The work before them pre- 



8 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

senteJ nothing flattering to indolence, or inactivity. Snr- 
ronndcd by an unbroken forest, they saw that it demanded 
strong muscles and unflinching resohilion. Many a hard 
days work must be sustained, before any thing effectual 
conld be accomplished for subsistence. We may imagine 
what was their daily fare, and their comforts for repose at 
night. "We may suppose that their privations and hard- 
ships fitted them the better to sustain what was before 
them; the better not only to sustain conflicts with unsub- 
dued nature, but prepared them and their descendants in 
after days, to maintain more successfully their rights. Illy 
would they have been prepared to meet such conflicts, had 
they been subjected to the influence of modern training and 
modern luxuries. They persevered. Their works around 
them manifested progress. Habitations more comfortable 
began to appear, and the soil began to return in necessaries, 
a full equivalent for the labor bestowed. 

This little band of hardy adventurers, not only exhibited 
progress in the improved aspect cf the soil, but in the aug- 
mentation of their numbers. In seven years, they numbered 
fifty families. The territory, which was incorporated into a 
town, June 24, 1738. contained about 28,929 acres. The 
first warrant for a town meeting, was issued on the 13th 
day of Feb. 1739. For a more particular narrative up to 
that period, the reader is referred to the sketch of Dr. 
Clark. These settlers were, in an important sense, a new 
colony. The work of laying the foundation for its growth 
and prosperity devolved on them. Like the pilgrim fath- 
ers, they came imbued with elevated moral, religious, and 
political principles, which must be carried out in practice. 
The preparatory work required not that extent of labor 
and wisdom, which the structure of our national govern- 
ment demanded, but in some degree, both were reqiiisite. 
A system of municipal regulations must be established, era- 
bracing tiic most essential provisions for religious wor- 
ship, and the instruction of the rising generation. Possess- 



BTRUBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 9 

ing a great share of sound practical common sense, and ele- 
vated sentiments, the. first settlers were found equal to the 
task. Provision by statute, was made as early as 1692, for 
the organization of towns. Towns, at that period, were 
required to be constantly provided with a minister of the 
gospel. They were required also to provide for the instruc- 
tion of children and yonth, and for the relief of the needy. 
The act of 1789, providing for the instruction of youth, in 
coni'brmity to the constitution, is substantially the same as 
the act of 1692. It is clearly seen, that our ancestors were 
fully aware of what should be the basis for future prosperi- 
ty, and laid out their work accordingly. Although them- 
selves mostly self-taught, they foresaw the salutary and 
controlling power of the school house and the church. "Who 
can deny the correctness of their judgment, or that results 
have confirmed the soundness of their views. 

The records of the town show a systematic and discreet 
management of its municipal and religious concerns at that 
period. These interests then, and for many years after- 
ward, were conducted by the town, and not by separate 
organizations. In their corporate transactions, it is evident, 
that matters of moment were carefully investigated, and 
clearly understood, before final action. If an instrument 
for a constitution of the Commonwealth were submitted to 
their action, every article, in all its bearings, must be scru- 
tinized, before it received their assent, or dissent. In a 
small degree dependent on the press, either to lead, or mis- 
lead, as at the present day, they certainly possessed re- 
sources to arrive at correct conclusions in their important 
interests. Party considerations had not then an existence. 
The birth of such an influence bears date at a much later 
period. The paramount inquiry then was, " what will pro- 
mote the general good 7" Influenced by such a principle, 
fortunate results could hardly fail of being secured. This 
principle marked their course for a long period. Hospitality 
and kindness were then practical virtues, cheering many a 



10 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

social hour, and administering comfort, in seasons of adver- 
sity. There is no doubt of the prevalence of laudable emu- 
lation. Without it, the stern work, in which they were 
engaged, would have lingered on their hands. Neighbor 
stimulated neighbor to accomplish this object of a private 
nature, and thai of public utility. Every succeeding year 
presented new developments of gratifying changes. From 
imperfections they were not exempt, but it is certain they 
possessed sterling virtues, in an eminent degree. Whatever 
improvements we may liave made in other particulars, in 
this we are compelled to believe there has been none. The 
truth cannot be suppressed, that that high moral standard, 
which characterized our ancestors, Iws not been sustained. 
A remark is said to have been made by an individual, 
" that he had resided seven years in a certain country, and 
during that time, he had not heard a profane oath, or seen 
a person disguised with liquor.'' "That country was New 
England." Whether such a remark was made or not, we 
have no hesitancy in believing there was a period, when it 
was substantially true, in its application to the people of 
New- En gland. 

The name of Moses Marcy is connected with the early 
settlement of the town, and deserves a record of honorable 
remembrance. He was born in the year 1703. The town 
records, and the testimony of living witnesses, show that he 
exerted, for many years, a conlrolling influence in the relig- 
ious and municipal interests of the town, and was, l>eyond 
a doubt, without any dif iit to others, the leading 

man in the town. In es; _' a system of town regu- 

lations which was to be the basis of future procet-dings, he 
was the most efficient agent. All the duties devolving urK>u 
a magistrate, were discharged by him, for many years. He 
has left a copious record of his ratification of matrimonial 
contracts, probably the most pleasant department of his of- 
ficial duties. He not only possessed high qualifications tor 
civil duties, but for those of a military character. The lat- 



sTUEBEIDGE AST) 50UTHBEIDGE. 11 

ter were held in higher estimation in bis day than they are 
at the present. He hel J the rank of Captain in town, and 
•was promoted to that of Colonel. There is but little doabt, 
be was in active service in the French war. so called. At 
the time the colonists declared themselves independent, he 
had had the experience of seventy years, and was thor- 
oughly versed in all the treatment of the mother country 
towards them. He was the last man who would tamely 
submit to oppression, or unjust exactions in any form. The 
struggle had progressed about two years before his death. 
He did not forget his fellow soldiers, or his country in his 
last hours. When very feeble, and near the close of life, he 
requested that a body of troops should be paraded before his 
house, that he might see them once more. Tlie request was 
readily granted. The interview was solemn and affecting, 
and was remembered by those brave men, whenever duty 
to their country demanded their services. 

The homestead where he was first settled hi the villase 
(now in Southbridge.) has descended to the foanh eenera- 
tion, in the name of Jedediah Marcy. a cherished spot of 
remembrance by his descendants. Jedediah Marcy. the 
son. removed to Dudley, wh're he died, a man highly 
respected. The grandson, Capt. JedediaJi Marcy, died ia 
1811, at the age of .54, on the old patrimony. He was the 
father of the present owner, the Hon. Jedediah Marc v. He 
was also the father of the Hon. William L. Marcv. now 
Secretary of State, who has long been considered one of the 
most eminent of our public men. He has held the hishest 
offices in the gift of his adopted state, and has been a prom- 
inent candidate for the Presidency. Intellectual visor is 
not unfrequently developed through many generations. 

Gen. Timothy Xewell married a daughter of Col. Marcv. 
Gol. Marcy was a man of great energy of character, and 
uncommon intellectual power. He possessed the essential 
qualifications to fill any public station. His deportment 
was dignified and commanding. He died in the year 1777, 



12 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

at ilie age of 72. A monument, in the old burying ground, 
in Sturbridge, designates the spot where he was buried. 
The writer would add, that he is now seated in a chair of 
which Col. Marcy was the original proprietor. It is on tliat 
account a highly valued relic. 

At the first Town-Meeting, after the incorporation of the 
town, Col. Marcy was chosen Moderator, Daniel Fisk, 
Town-Clerk, and Daniel Fisk, Moses Marcy and Henry 
Fisk, Selectmen. At the second Annual Town-Meeting, 
1739, Isaac JXewell was chosen Town-Clerk. Moses Mar- 
cy, Isaac Newell, Henry Fisk, Joseph Cheny and Daniel 
Fisk, Selectmen, and Joseph Smith, Constable. 

^Ve find, this year, among the town officers, the names of 
Moses Allen, David Shumway, David Morse, George "Wat- 
kins, Hbcnozcr Slearns, Edward Foster, John Sirceter, Jo- 
seph Baker and Aaron jMartin. In the next year, we find 
the additional names of Rowland Taylor, Hezekiah Ward, 
James Dennison, J >seph Allen, Ezekiel Upham, Caleb 
Harding, Joseph Morse, Joseph Motfet, among the town 
officers. Descendants of most of those men, whom we have 
named, are numerous among us. The greatest portion of 
the present permanent population, arc descendants of the 
early settlers. 

There is siill remaining a number of families by the 
name of Smith, families of respectability. AVc have long 
been acquainted with Mr. Benjamin Smith, an octogenarian, 
now living, and possessing to an unconmion degree, the ex- 
ercise of his physical and mental faculties. He is a grand- 
son of the first individual who wintered in Suirbridge. It 
is not strange he should feel a laudable pride in such an 
ancestor. Such men might not have been uncommon at 
that early period, but are rare, at tiie present. We may ra- 
tionally suppose that this hardy pioneer was not dormant 
during one of those long severe winters, when the ground 
was covered with snow about si.\ months in the year. The 
spring no doubt exhibited around him very striking mani- 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 13 

festations of his physical energies. There is no doubt an 
opening was made in the forest sufficiently spacious for the 
uninterrupted influence of the sun. Iron constitutions, and 
indomitable spn-its, were the product of those times. The 
spot where that winter was passed, is supposed to be near 
the residence of the late Jabez Harding, Esq. It deserves a 
monumental remembrance. 

The name of Lemuel Sanders is kept in remembrance. 
His residence was in the northwesterly part of the town, 
afterwards the residence of the late Jonathan P. Curtis, till his 
death. Mr. Sanders was particularly noted for his keen 
calculations in money concerns. His property, amounting 
to about ^50.000, a few years before his death, fully sustains 
this trait of character. It was an uncommon estate at that 
period, to be acquired by a common farmer, with no extra- 
ordinary means. Mr. Joshua Mason was in his employ 
many years, then a young man, where he undoubtedly 
availed himself of lessons, which were successfully put in 
practice. Had the pupil died, at the age of the master, it 
is probable their estates might have been very nearly equal. 
We do not understand that Mr. Sanders was not upright in 
his dealings, or an unwilling supporter of the public inter- 
ests. When a passion for gain becomes predominant, it 
lessens in public estimation, a reputation in other respects 
unexceptionable. This remark may be applicable to Mr. 
Sanders. He was in active life, during the revolution, but 
did not personally bear arms. He left a handsome legacy 
for the town, subject to the support of two individuals of 
feeble capacities, if needy. Mr. Sanders died in the year 
ISOO, in the 53d year of his age. His widow married Col. 
Watson of Princeton, who resided in town several years, 

Mr. Curtis, to whom allusion has been made, deserves 
further notice. He died in 1S49, aged 68. The writer be- 
came acquainted with Mr. Curtis at Leicester Academy, 
and can bear testimony to his many excellent qualities, as a 
man and a christian. An uninterrupted friendship and in- 

2 



14 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP STURBRIDGE AND SODTHBRIDGE. 

timacy existed between us till his mucli lamented death. 
Mr. Curtis represented the town one or two years in the 
General Court, and enjoyed the perfect confidence of the 
town, in the frequent trusts he discharged as a town-officer. 



FISK HILL. 



This is one of the most elevated and beautiful swells of 
land in Sturbridge, possessing fertility, and commanding an 
extensive and delightful view, in every direction. Here you 
have a full view of Fiskdale, and the centre village, ap- 
pearing to very good ac^vantage ; at the North as far as the 
vision can extend, you catch a view of the azure Monadnock, 
hardly distinguishable from the surrounding atmosphere ; 
very much nearer, the Wachuset appears head and shoul- 
ders above her neighbors ; nearer still, Leicester presents a 
beautiful appearance. At the East, you have a view of the 
village of Charlton, on a graceful swell of land, presenting a 
stately, and no less beautiful appearance. Thence south- 
erly, the eye sweeps over an expansion of varied and lofty 
scenery, exhibiting spires, churches, villages, and scattered 
residences, intermixed with the beauties of nature. Take 
it all and in all, the eye may here dwell with a high degree 
of pleasure, on a rare assemblage of natural and artificial 
attractions. Transporting ourselves back to that period 
when our ancestors first commenced a settlement here, we 
may, in imagination, catch a view of the almost unbroken 
forest, which was spread out around them. Contrasting that 
scene, with the present, the change has lessened the sublim- 
ity of the prospect; but not its beauties. 



16 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

This selection by the original settlers, viz. — Henry and 
Daniel Fisk, is a nianil'estation of good taste and sound 
judgment. The breezes here are somewhat searching, but 
not too much so for health and a vigorous constitution. 
First settled by individuals whose name it bears, it continu- 
ed in their possession and that of their dpscendants, more 
than a century. Dea. Henry Fisk, a son of one of the origin- 
al proprietors, who resided on the eastern slope, was an exam- 
ple of industry and activity. Whether on the farm, in pub- 
lic, or private transactions, in family devotions, or in the 
sanctuary, Dea. Fisk was a model, wurliiy of imitation. 
Favored with a firm physical constitution, good practical 
common sense, and an energetic mind, few men have ac- 
complished so much, and so well, in his sphere of useful- 
ness. At an advanced age, he and the companion of his 
youth closed together their exemplary lives, the husband 
Dec. 10, and wife Dec. 11, 1815. The former at the age 
of 70, and the latter at the ago of 091 They sleep together 
in the same grave. 

David Fisk Esq. a brother, who settled on the highest 
point of the elevation, was a thrifty farmer, and an amiable 
and upright man. As a neighbor, u townsman, a citizen, and 
a christian, he was kind, liberal and exemplary. His nu- 
merous family were trained up in habits of industry, and 
were favored with common school instruction requisite for 
the transaction of business. Three of his sons received a 
collegiate education, and became professional men. 

As much may be said of another brother, wh.o resided 
more northerly, on the elevation. Capt. Simeon Fisk pos- 
sessed a strong intellect, and a memory, in which were treas- 
ured very many important facts and events of the stirring 
times in which he lived. The causes of the revolution, and 
subsequent transactions, were all fresh in his memory. He 
was a prominent and efficient man in civil and religious 
concerns. He left an extensive diary, which is a valuable 
reference work. His conversation was always edifying, and 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE, 17 

calculated to make a salutary impression. Not only in his 
conversation, but in the transactions of life was clearly 
manifested his impHcit dependence on Divine guidance in 
regard to the path of duly. To this may be traced no 
doubt, in no small degree that cheerfulness and serenity 
which uniformly marked his deportment. Capt. Fisk's 
personal appearance was manly and commanding. He 
died at an advanced age. We have omitted to mention 
that Capt. Fisk was in active service about six months, 
and received a wound in a battle, which affected him 
through life. 

Mr. Daniel Fisk, another brother, resided many years on 
this hill. He was an honest and exemplary man, more re- 
tiring in his habits than his relatives. He removed in ad- 
vance life, into the Slate of New York. He had a numer- 
ous and respectable family. 

Nathan Fisk resided about a quarter of a mile northeast- 
erly of Daniel. We have spoken of him in another place. 

On the Southern declivity of this elevation, was situated 
the neat and comfortable Baptist Church. Here those fam- 
ilies, with others of that denomination in various parts ot 
the town, worshiped more than half of a century. The 
Rev. Zenas L Leonard was the watchman on this watch- 
tower. Mr. Leonard was " in season and out of season" in 
his devotion to the spiritual interests of his charge. He felt 
also a deep interest in their temporal welfare. He patron- 
ized industry in all its forms, by his own active example. 
He was also a patron of education, especially of common 
school instruction. His presence and exhortations were al- 
ways cheering to the youth. He was enabled, although his 
salary was very small, by industry and discreet manage- 
ment, to give one of his sons a public education, and his 
other children such advantages as prepared them for use- 
fulness. He lived in a highly respectable manner, and left 
a handsome estate. He represented the town in the Legis- 
lature, several different periods, and was a delegate to new 

2* 



18 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

model the conslitiuion, in 1820. His moral, religious and 
energetic character, exerted a salutary influence. 

In this connection, we cheerfully record the name of Dea. 
John Phillips, another solid pillar of the Baptist Society, 
now in the ninety fifth year of his age. He possesses in a 
wonderful degree, the exercise of his physical and mental 
powers. He labors daily, as usual, upon his farm, and 
can walk ten or twelve miles in a day, without being much 
fatigued. He was born on the spot where he has ever 
since resided. His father, Dea. John Phillips, was the first 
settler of that locality. He has always been a prominent 
and an itjfluential member of the community, not only in 
his own Society, but in the municipal concerns of the town. 
More than once has he been a representative in the General 
Court. His memory is a store-house of interesting facts, 
in relation to scenes and events, which passed under his 
personal observation during almost a century. He has 
marked, as a close observer, the wonderful changes which 
have taken place during this long period. He has uni- 
formly, by his active example, promoted those interests 
which elevate society, and advance human happiness. 
May the memory of such men be cherished long after their 
noble forms have passed away. Dea. Phillips was in the 
revolutionary war about seven weeks, at Cambridge. Col. 
Edward Phillips, of the third generation, is the proprietor 
of the old homestead, in connection with his father. 

Dea. Jonathan Lyon, another worthy and venerable 
member of the IJaptist Society, still lives. 

We add another remark in regard to Fisk Hill. It proba- 
bly exceeds every other section of the town in point of 
strength and productiveness of soil. The farms exhibit a 
neat appearance, and evidence of skilful cultivation. If the 
soil, at the commencement of the spring, is so wet as to de- 
lay tillage, the autumn almost invariably presents heavy 
crops. 



STURBEIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 19 

We also add an interesting fact indicative of the pro- 
gress of the early settlers of this eminence. 

Dea. Henry Fisk, one of the original settlers had eleven 
children, and Dea. Daniel, another of those settlers, had the 
cheering number of sixteen. Fourteen lived to adult age, 
and most of them to advanced life. Such cases were quite 
common, in early times, but quite rare at the present. 



SHUMWAT HILL. 



Sliumway Hill, (so called,) is another eminence which 
commands an expansive and most delightful view of the 
surrounding country. The xMonadnock and Wacliusett 
are here more fully developed, than on Fisk-Hill, and the 
rural scene more extensive. In a clear day, the lover of 
such scenery may spend iiours in gazing upon the unnum- 
bered attractions spread out around him. Art, mingling 
its beauties with nature, highiens the pleasure of the scene. 
We have often heard the traveller express his gratification 
in witnessing this view. It is a pleasant compensation for 
the fatigue of ascending the hill. 

In regard to the nature of tiie soil upon and around this 
hill, the most of it is of a superior quality, and exhibits the 
work of industry and good husbandry. 

James Johnson, who bore arms in the French War, was 
one of the pioneers in this part of the town. His own hand 
performed the principal part of the work of clearing his 
lands for cultivation. He was a stout athletic resolute man. 
He could fight the battles of his country, or wage war with 
the sturdy forest. We have spoken of James Johnson in 
another place. James Johnson, his father, and the father of 
Comfort, was the first settler of the estate wliich was owned 
afterward, and occupied many years by Comfort. Joseph 
Baker was an original settler on, or near Shumway Hill. 



BTURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 21 

Ezekiel Upham, Junior commenced a settlement where Da- 
vid Mc'Farlin afterward resided. 

Aaron Allen commenced the settlement where Capt. 
Elisha Allen afterward resided, and Capt. Henry Clark, 
where Dea. James Chapin lately resided. 

Joseph Smith who is noticed in another place, commenced 
the settlement where the late Jabez Harding Esq. resided. 
He was the solitary individual who passed a winter, in this 
then almost unbroken wilderness. 

Isaac Child began the settlement where the late Capt. 
Lemuel Hooker lived. Samuel Child, where Benjamin 
Smith lives. Benjamin Robbins, where Samuel Farnum 
lives. Caleb Harding, where the late Ebenezer Cutting 
lived. Solomon Rood, where Elias Carpenter lately lived. 
Mr. Knap, where Harvey Plimpton lives. John Haig, 
where the late Thomas Marsh lived. Ebenezer Dunton, 
where the late Lieut. Silas Dunton lived, and James Gibbs, 
where the late Jabez Vinton lived. 

John Holbrook, the father of John Holbrook Esq. was 
the first settler of that extensive farm, which has descended 
to George Holbrook, the present owner, of the fourth gen- 
eration. 

John Tarbell died in 1804, at the advanced age of 95, and 
his wife, at the age of 82. He was the first settler of the 
farm now owned by Dea. Jonathan Lyon. The farm was 
originally very much larger than at present. 

Timothy Faulkner was the first settler of the farm now 
owned by Lemuel Holmes. This farm has also been great- 
ly curtailed since Mr. Faulkner's day. 

Samuel Shnmway, the grandfather of Abijah and Samuel 
Shumway, was the original settler of their farm. It em- 
braced much more territory than it does at present. It is 
now owned by Abijah and Samuel of the third generation. 

John Harding was the original settler of the farm now 
owned by Charles G, Allen, and Joseph Baker, of whom we 
have spoken, was the first settler of the farm now owned by 



22 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

H. N. Lumbard, and the late residence of Samuel Shum- 
way. A most delightful western view, of rural scenery, is 
here spread out to the beholder. 

Sfi^pheu Gcrould commenced the settlement of the farm 
which was for many years afterward owned and occupied 
by Joshua Gerould, in the southern part of the town. 
Joshua was one of the prominent men of the town. 

Moses Allen was the first settler of what is now Fiskdale. 
He built the Grist-Mill which we have noticed in our de- 
scription of Fiskdale. The mill was afterwards owned by 
Capt. Jacob Allen whom we have also noticed. 

John ^Morse commenced the settlement of the farm now 
owned by Lyman Johnson. 

Passing to tile place where the laic Marcus Smith resided, 
on the southern declivity of Fisk-Hill, David Smith com- 
menced the settlement in that locality. 

Tlie northern part was first settled by John Weld, who 
came from Roxbury. This was one of the first settlements 
in the town, being a little prior to the year 1730. Mr. 
Weld's purchase contained about 1200 acres of territory, in- 
cluding a portion of what was called the Oxford Gore, at 
the price of a pistareen per acre. Mr. Weld, no doubt, was 
ever afterward satisfied with the price, for the tract ranks 
with the best in town. Distributing about one half of it 
among his four sons, as they arrived at suitable ages to set- 
tle for themselves, he retained the other half for himself. 
This we see, was the way, in those days, that the parent 
made provision for the settlement of his children. His resi- 
dence was on the spot, where Dexter Nichols now resides. 
The residence of Dea. Moses Weld, the oldest son, is now 
in the possession of Francis Weld, of the third generation. 

Dea. Moses Weld 'appears to have been a leading man. 
It is to be regretted that no monument is to be found, de- 
signaling the resting place of the original pioneer. Dea. 
Moses Weld died in the year ISOG, aged S4. There is still 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 23 

a considerable number of the descendants remaining in 
town. 

Passing some miles southerly, we come to the spot where 
Ezekiel Upham pitched his tent in the wilderness. The 
extent of the original tract owned by him, we are not able 
to state. His youngest son, Nathaniel, succeeded to a part 
or all of the estate of the father. Nathaniel was born in 
the first house there erected, where he lived and died in 
the SOth year of his age. Maj. Jacob Upham, of the third 
generation, has erected handsome and commodious build- 
ings on the spot where the old ones stood. It commands 
an extensive and beautiful southern and western view. 
We well remember Mr. Nathaniel Upham. He was a revo- 
lutionary patriot. He hired a substitute to bear arms in the 
field. He was a respectable man, of a cheerful disposi- 
tion, not suffering himself to be easily disturbed by the 
common annoyances of life. Ezekiel Upham, the ancestor 
died 1783, at the age of 83. 

Abner Lyon was a neighbor and cotemporary of Nathan- 
iel Upham. He came into town when quite young, and 
lived with his grandfather John Weld, (of whom we have 
spoken,) the latter part of his minority. William Chub had 
made a beginning, and some small improvements on the 
tract weere Mr. Lyon settled and lived till his death, which 
was in the year 1817, aged 78. Mr. Lyon like Mr. Upham, 
hired a substitute for active service in the revolutionary 
struggle, Dr. Ephraim Lyon, his son, was the successor to 
the real estate. The writer is indebted to Mr. Thomas Ly- 
on, another son, (now upward of eighty, still possessing a 
very retentive memory,) for many particulars, in relation 
to the first settlements. 

George Watkins, grandfather of the late Gardner Wat- 
kins, Esq. was the original settler of the farm lately owned 
and occupied by Gardner till his death. George Watkins, 
another grandson, and other descendants, more remote, are 
still residing in Sturbridge and vicinity. The Watkins' 



24 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP C 

have been prominent men in tlie concerns of the town, and 
have sustained a respectable standing. 

Dea. Eleazer Hebard resided for many years in that part 
of the town. As a man and a christian, lie was exemplary. 
Dignified in appearance, he possessed great firmness and 
decision of character. He removed to this town, in early 
life, from the Slate of Connecticut. 

Henry Hooker was the ancestor of the Hookers residing 
in Sturbridge and Southbridge. He had six sons, viz : — 
Simeon, Henry, Samuel, Parker, Amos and Silas. The 
most of them, if not all, lived to have families. The resi- 
dence of the ancestor was a short distance southerly of 
Joel Clemmence's dwelling house. Whether he was the first 
settler of that locality or not, we are not informed. We 
have not been able to ascerlain whether any of the sons, 
who were adults during the revolution, actually bore arms 
or not, therefore have not included any of them in the nura- 
lierof the Revolutionary Soldiers. 

We could name many of them, as also those of the Wat- 
kins family, who have very creditably discharged official 
trusts in the towns where they belonged. Most of those 
families, enjoying health, vigor, and activity, have made ag- 
riculture their principal pursuit. 

We are informed that David Morse, the grandfather of 
Henry Morse, now living, was the first settler in that place. 
The estate is now in the possession of Henry, of the third 
generation. The father, or grandfather of Dea. Jason 
Morse was probably the first settler on the territory where 
Dea. Morse resided. It has descended in the same family 
to the third, or fourth generation. As we have remarked of 
many others, in point of respcclability, the same may be 
said of the Morse families. The j)resent minister of IJrim- 
field is a son of Dea. Jason Morse. 

Thit portion of tlie town where Lemuel Sanders, and the 
Drapers settled, was originally settled by Joseph Marsh and 
two brothers. 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 25 

Jabez Harding senior, was the first settler, where his son 
Maj. Harding resided some years. Joseph Benson senior, 
was the first settler of the estate to which his son Joseph 
succeeded, situated northerly of the dwelling of the late 
Jabez Harding, Esq. 

In connection with the name of Jabez Harding, Esq. we 
record as worthy of remembrance the bequest of his widow, 
the late Mrs. Harding, to the Congregational Church in 
Sturbridge. The bequest amounted to several hundred dol- 
lars, and was a manifestation of her regard for the Church, 
of which she was long an exemplary member. We shall 
notice, in other portions of this work, many more names of 
the first settlers. It was found inconvenient to present 
them in an unbroken series. 



WIGHT FAMILY. 



The Wight Family. — We introduce this family, with a 
narration of some interesting particulars, in relation to the 
family, and its first settlement in Slnrbridge, written by one 
of the descendants. 

" David Wight, one of the first settlers of the west part of 
the town of Sturbridge, was born at Mcdfield, Ang. 16th, 
1733. At the age of twenty six years, he was married to 
Miss Catharine Morse of Medfield, who was born March 
5th, 1737. The marriage ceremony was solemnized by the 
Rev. Nathan Bnckman, at his house in xMedway, June 19th, 
1760, and from an ancient record, it appears they com- 
menced house-keeping "on the great public road in Med- 
way," immediately after their marriage. 

During the year 1706, they erected a new house in Med- 
way, and opened it as a house for public entertainment, and 
continued in that business for several years. In 1773 they 
sold out the stand in Medway, and purchased 1000 acres of 
wild land in Sturbridge, for the sum of $1,500. 

The circumstances attending the selection of this tract of 
land, are worthy of a passing notice. At the present time, 
it is difficult to determine what first directed their attention 
to this section of the State, then a dense wilderness — but 



HISTORICAL SKETCH OP STUBBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 27 

certain it is, that Mr. Wight, on his first visit to the wilder- 
ness of Sturbridge, viewed two tracts of land upon the 
banks of the ''Quineboag" river, now within the present 
limits of the town of Holland, known as the "Church 
Place;" and the other, the spot on which the settlement 
was afterwards made, and returned to Med way undecided 
which location would prove the best bargain. To settle 
this point, it was decided that Mrs. Wight should make a 
trip to Sturbridge, and view the two tracts, and whichever 
should appear to her the most desirable, should be the place 
of their future residence. Accordingly, after due prepara- 
tion was made, Mrs. Wight set out upon a journey, which 
at the present time, would be considered perilous, and made 
her way through the wilderness on horseback to Sturbridge, 
bringing with her a store of provisions in a pair of o!d fash- 
ioned saddle-bags, sufficient to supply her wants wliile be- 
yond the limits of " human habitations." 

At this early period, there were but few settlements on 
the route from Medway to Sturbridge, consequently the road 
over a good part of the way, was but a mere cart track, and 
in fact a portion of it was but a single path, traced by a 
line of marked trees. There was a settlement at Oxford, 
and at Charlton, and a number of families had settled in 
the central and easterly part of the town of Sturbridge. 

Mrs. Wight visited the premises in Holland and in Stur- 
bridge, and decided at once to settle upon the latter. On 
her return to Medway, the contract was immediately closed 
with Mr. Brattle, of Cambridge, for the sum above stated, 
and on Tuesday the iOth day of May, 1774, they started 
with their goods and family for their new home in Stur- 
bridge. From the record* above referred to, it appears the 
teams went to Uxbridgc tlie first day, the next to Oxford 
plains, and arrived the third day late in the evening, at the 

* A sketch written by David Wight, Jr. of the scenes attending the first set- 
tlement of the family in this town. 



28 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

place of their dt'slination. An accident occurred to one of 
the teams in passing from Charlton to Sturbridge, wliich 
placed in jeopardy the life of one of the children. The 
youngest son, Alpheus, then about three years old, was 
placed upon the top of ihe load of goods that was to be 
driven by his father. Uy some means, in passing through 
the " Charlton Woods,'' the load was upset, and the child 
was found surrounded with chests and barrels which fell 
from the cart down a sleep place. He was not hurt, and 
the gooJs were loade I again, and the teams went on and 
arrived at Sturliridge as before slated. 

The scene, as it presented itself to the mind of the writer 
of ihc narrative of the first settlement, as the light of day 
disclosed il the next morning, is described in the following 
words. " This place was then a desolate wilderness for a 
mile each way, except a few acres around this spot, which 
were cut over by a ]\Ir. Whilcock." The "spot" referred 
to in the quolalion, is located between iho Brimfield and 
Holland roads, nearly opposite to the house occupied at the 
present time, by Mr. Abijah Prouly. Here commenced the 
first settlement of the ^Vight family in Worcester County, 
and here many intcresling scenes have transpired since that 
early period, which are still fresh in the recollection of those 
who survive. 

Mr. Wigfit and his boys went on to clear the land as fast 
as possible, and in 1775. had fine crops of grain and grass. 

In 1776, he built a large barn on the tract of land between 
the two roads referred to above, and there it remained, as 
many will recollect, until about the year 1S32. Ten years 
after ihe first settlement, Mr. Wight built a saw-mill over 
Cedar l3rook, near ilie house of Mr. Ebenezer Howard. In 
1787, he built the house which he afterwards occupied to 
the day of his death. The house is now owned by I\Ir. 
Abijah Prouly, and in point of location and construction, re- 
flects great credit upon his judgment and taste in selecting 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 29 

^' a choice spot upon which to build a beautiful house." 
The barns and shed were built the year following. 

It will be seen by th'^ dates, that the improvements upon 
the new purchase, by way of clearing the land and putting 
up new buildings, were made during the Revolutionary 
war, at a period, when the price of almost every thing, was 
extremely high. This, in connection with the heavy pur- 
chase, and the drpreciation of tiie paper currency, rendered 
the circumstances of Mr. Wight, for a few years, quite em- 
barrassing. Mr. Brattle, who held paper to a considerable 
amount against Mr. Wight, left the country for Halifax 
during the war, and never returned. After he left, Mr. 
Wight received payment for the place sold in Med way, in 
paper money, and in consequence of the absence of Mr. 
Brattle, was not able to redeem his own paper with it. 
The result was, that the paper money depreciated in his 
hands, and subjected him to a loss of about two thousand 
dollars. But by a fortunate circumstance which took place 
at a subsequent period, and which will be adverted to here- 
after, he was enabled " to work his way through," and set- 
tle his family upon the land of the first purchase. 

The family of David and Catharine Wight consisted of 
four sons, all of whom were born in Medway, before they 
moved to Sturbridge. Each of these sons and their de- 
scendants will be noticed in the order of their ages. 

David Wight 2nd, the oldest son, was born May 19th 
1761. On the I9th of May, 1782, he became of age, and 
received of his father 58 acres of wild land, upon which he 
immediately commenced operations, clearing and preparing 
the ground for cultivation. 

In the Spring of 1782, he made a tour to Medway, and 
to Boston, and on returning home, fell in company with 
Miss Susanna Harding, daughter of Mr. Thomas Harding 
of Medway, who was coming to Sturbridge to visit her 
friends. He thus formed an acquaintance with her, which 
resulted in their marriage, on the 7th of Nov. of the same 

3* 



30 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

year. She did not, however, come to Stnrbridge to live, 
until tlie next June. She was born iNIarch 3d. 1765. 

In April, 1783, the frame of the second house, now standing 
on the farm of Col. D. Wight, was raised, and the bnilding 
soon completed. At a subsequent period, fifteen years later, 
when it was determined to build a larger house, it became 
necessary to move this one, as it stood upon the spot most 
desirable for the new building, consequently it was moved 
from that spot to its present location, and is still a comfort- 
able dwelling. 

On the 9lh of June, 1783, Mr. Wight moved his wife 
from Med way to Sturbridge, and commenced house-keep- 
ing in the new house. 

In 1785, he built his first barn, and about the year 1791, 
purchased of Mr. Timotliy Smith, his farm, which has 
since been known the town over, as the •' Smith Place."' 

In 1792, he bought 130 acres of land, of his brother Oli- 
ver, which involved him considerably in debt. Two years 
after, he built another barn, some rods south of the first, 
and a long shed between them. 

In Jan. 1796, while at Hoston, with his father, to assist 
in making a settlement with Mr. Thomas Brattle, who 
came over from England, to settle up his father's estate, 
he bought a ticket in the Harvard College Lottery for ten 
dollars. In Jan. 1797, this ticket drew a prize of $5000. 
"~Hn let his father have about $2000 of this prize, and took 
land in exchange, still leaving to his father, land sulficient 
for a good farm, free from debt, which he occupied until 
the day of his death. The balance of the prize, .$3000, 
relieved him entirely from debt, and the addition of land 
received of his father for the $2000, gave him possession 
of a large tract of land free from debt, and much of it heav- 
ily covfired with wood and timber. 

In the Spring of I79S, he commenced building the large 
two story house now owned by his son and grandson, and 
completed it in August, 1799. By accident in the Spring 



STURBEIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 31 

of 1S02, the saw-mill was burnt, and was rebuilt, the same 
year. In 1S03, he bought a farm of Dr. Thomas Babbit, 
and four years afterwards, sold it to Gapt. Benjamin Bul- 
lock of Salem. This farm, the inhabitants of the town of 
Sturbridge, at a subsequent period, purchased of the heirs 
of Capt. Bullock, for a pauper establishment, and it has 
since furnished a comfortable home for those, who by mis- 
fortune or otherwise, have been unable to furnish one for 
themselves." 

This sketch informs us, that Mr. and Mrs. Wight, the 
ancestors, were industrious, persevering and energetic. 
These qualifications rendered them efficient promoters not 
only of their own interests, but those of the town. With 
the growth, the moral, educational, and religious interests of 
the town, they were identified more than sixty years. 

And here we may fitly make a remark in relation to min- 
isterial support and encouragement in those days. The in- 
habitants of the town for a long period, very much resem- 
bled one household, in regard to all their interests. The 
pastor was considered as permanently belonging to the 
family, respected and loved, as the spiritual guide. 

One of the modes of manifesting their regard for him, was 
in the voluntary bestowment of a portion of their choicest 
productions. This was not only a matter of equity on ac- 
count of the scanty salary, but its tendency evidently was 
to cement the union more firmly, and render it more cor- 
dial, and mutually useful. The annual turning out to sup- 
ply the parson with a gigantic pile of wood, was a joyful 
occasion, full of pleasantry. Generosity was not confined 
to the article of fuel on those occasions, but very many 
other family requisites found their way into the pastor's 
dwelling. The giver and receiver were mutually gratified. 
By what name they were christened, we have not been in- 
formed. We apprehend the name of Donation Parties must 
be the ingenuity of modern refinement. 



32 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

In returning to the subjects of this sketch, svc furliier re- 
mark, tlipy not only passed througli tbc stirring scenes of 
tlie P^rench war, hut endured the privations and anxieties of 
tlie Revohilion. Mr. Wight was judicious, but not so en- 
ergetic as his wife. If she was the master spirit, it dis- 
turbed not in the least, the harmony of their course. Her 
energy is clearly marked in her descendants. If she had 
excentricities, they were by no means disagreeable. With 
the endless changes of fashion in dress, hers remained the 
same. At the age of 75, or even Si), it was a gratifying 
spectacle to see her on horseback, in the costume of her 
early days. She possessed a peculiar talent in couching her 
ihoiighis in laconic language. This was especially charac- 
teristic of her epistles, full of meaning, although sometimes 
a little enigmatical. Could they be collected, they cer- 
tainly would be not only a literary curiosity, but a treasure 
of pithy sentiments. 

Such families as Mr. Wight's, give character and respect 
10 a town, by a judicious and exemplary management at 
home, and by cheerfully meeting the public claims. By a 
long course of industry, Mr. Wight was enabled to aid his 
sons in settling around him, and to leave a handsome estate. 
He died at the age of 89, and his wife at the age of 90. 

His three sons settled in the neighborhood, Oliver, where 
the late Ebenezer Howard lived and died. He was a cab- 
inet maker by trade. We subjoui a brief sketch of (he other 
two, David and Alpheus. 

DAVID WK^.HT, Esq. 

The writer can speak of David Wight, the oldest son of 
David Wight, the ancestor, from a personal knowledge of 
his character, and personal acquaintance with him several 
years. At several periods, he represented the town in the 
General Court, and officiated as Town Clerk, and Justice of 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 33 

the Peace many years. Those several trusts were dis- 
charged to the pnbhc acceptance. He frequently sat as a 
magistrate in the trial of actions. In this capacity he show- 
ed a discriminating mind, good common sense, and a de- 
sire that justice should he done to parties. He was above 
partiality or bias. Whatever he undertook, was executed 
with promptness and energy. He was an apt writer in 
point of penmanship and composition. Frequently called 
upon to draft instruments of various kinds, he could with 
great ease, shift his hand from the plow to the pen, and 
perform services of this sort with nncommon accuracy and 
propriety, considering his advantages. This we are ready 
to believe, was in some degree, a hereditary talent. He 
was active in promoting the instruction of the rising gen- 
eration, religious institutions, and public improvements. 
He exemplified in his life his religious profession. His res- 
idence, now the residence of his son. Col, David, in the 
midst of rural beautj^, always attracts the particular notice 
of the passing traveller. He was cut down in the midst 
of his usefulness, and in the maturity of all his faculties. 



CAPT, ALPHEUS WIGHT. 

The residence of the late Capt. Wight, another son, is on 
the same elevation of the old paternal mansion, conmianding 
the same delightful view. Capt. Wight was far-sighted, 
enterprising, and discreet in his calculations. We speak of 
him particularly in reference to the accomplishuient of an 
undertaking which will continue a durable monument of his 
enterprising charactt r. We allude to the canal, about a 
half of a mile in length, skirting the road, and terminating 
at the old mill site. Regarding his ability, and the 
manner the work must be executed, it was thought to be a 
bold project. Those labor-saving machines for operations 
of this sort, were then unknown, consequently the excava- 



34 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

tioii was made entirely with the old fashioned shod 
.shovel. His own anticipations, and public conrenience 
were fully realized. The accomplishment of this under- 
taking was always a source of gratification to Capt. Wight. 
His mills had full employment for more than 60 years, and 
until the grist-mills were recently removed for the establish- 
ment of the present works. Capt. Wight will be remem- 
bered as the man who prepared the way for the flattering 
prosperity of this village. Not having an inclination for 
public trusts, his attention was principally confined to con- 
cerns of a more private character. His business transac- 
tions were performed with promptness and accuracy. His 
wealth enabled him to do much in sustaining public insti- 
tutions. His children arc numerous and highly respecta- 
ble. He died on the 30th day of June, 1S51, in the SOth 
year of his ago. 

The increase of population and mechanical enterprise, 
which has given a new aspect to Wight Village, claims 
some additional remarks to those already made, Capt. 
Wight's grist-mill, to which the farmers resorted with their 
grain for more than half a century, has given place to bus- 
iness of another character. Instead of convening grain in- 
to meal, iron and steel are wrought into beautifully polish- 
ed instruments. 

In the year 1842, the Messrs. Snoll commenced the man- 
ufacture of Augers and other implements of this sort, in an 
old building, and carried it o/i successfully till the year 
1852, when the building with its contents was destroyed by 
fire. Being desirous that the Company should reniiiin in 
town, a handsome sum was contributed by individuals to 
encourage them to continue the business in the place. 

In the year 1S.">2. a large building, two stories, 100 by 32 
feet, was erected on the site of the old one. Two stone 
buildings wore erected the following year. One 36 by 46, 
and tiie other 100 by 45 feet. The latter, three stories, with 
a tower for a bell. Another building, four stories, of an 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 35 

octagonal form, designed for a boarding house, has been 
completed. Other buildings for dwelling houses, have been 
erected, and new streets laid out. The works, for the pros- 
ecution of the enterprise, are conveniently arranged, and the 
business carried on in a systematic manner. The materi- 
als pass through several sets of hands in the various depart- 
ments, before the article is ready for market. When thus 
finished with a high polish, not a spot or blemish can be 
discovered. It has gained a reputation of superiority, and 
commands an extensive market. 

The walls of the octagonal building, are constructed of a 
cement, composed of sand and other materials, which is 
supposed to be equal to stone in durability. It is gratifying 
to record the progress of improvement, in any branch of 
useful industry. The improvement in the auger, within 
half of a century, has probably been a saving of a hundred 
per cent, in labor. It is obviously the interest of all, to en- 
courage such improvements. Mutually dependant on each 
other progress in all the branches of industry, promotes 
the benefit of every class in the community. The agricul- 
turalist, the manufacturer, the mechanic, the professional 
man, demand the patronage of each other. This mutual- 
ity of interest and dependence, is the spring of industry and 
enterprise, exerting a laudable emulation. 

This village, as we have observed, commanding a beauti- 
ful view of rural scenery, is one of the most pleasant and 
inviting localities in town. Such localities ere a cheering 
auxiliary to industrial pursuits. The Company have ex- 
pended about $30,000. The nature and situation of the 
grounds, were very favorable in regard to expense. The 
Company employed in 1854, about 75 hands in the prose- 
cution of their regular business. The number the present 
year 1855. is less, in consequence of the general depression 
in business transactions. 



CENTRE VILLAGE, &c. 



Comparing the present aspect of the centre village of 
Sturbridge, with ifs appearance in 1811, a very striking 
change is apparent. Beginning at the old parsonage local- 
ity, we will glance at some of the prominent changes. 

The spot now exhibiting the beautiful residence of Mr. 
Southwick, was, about a century, occupied as the resi- 
dence of the first three Congregational Ministers of Stur- 
bridge : — viz. Mr. Rice, Mr. Paine, and Mr. Lane. The 
dwelling house was in style, according to the mode of build- 
ing in the country about a century ago; being two siories 
in front, and a kitchen of one story in the rear. The'chim- 
ney in the middle, occupied at the base, ten, or perhaps 
nearer fifteen feet square. There being no lack of materials, 
it was thoroughly built according to the taste of the times, 
and well adapted to the intended purpose. 

Immediately in the rear of the house, two stately elms 
towered and waived in solemn grandeur. The buildings 
were thoroughly shaded, and tlie grounds about them or- 
namented and rendered useful with grapes, plums, peaches 
pears, apples and many other kinds of fruit, intermixed with 
some trees merely for ornament. 

The view northerly and westerly, is beautiful and expan- 
sive, and well calculated to elevate the thoughts and affec- 
lions. Here was the spot, and here tlie house, in wliich 
minister and fpeopio were accustomed frequently to meet 



HISTORICAL SKETCH OF STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 37 

in a business, social and religious capacity. Those frequent 
interviews were not a tax upon the minister's secular in- 
terests. He was not forgotten in regard to the things ne- 
cessary to sustain and render life comfortable. Rehgious 
meetings in primitive days, were more frequently at the 
parsonage than at the present. This old parsonage was the 
Bethel, where minister and people, during a long succession 
of years, bowed together, at slated occasions, in devotion. 
It is even now remembered by some, as little less than holy 
ground. This short sketch is designed to perpetuate the 
remembrance of the spot. The Rev. Mr. Rice was the first 
settler of that locality. 

Passing westerly, we come next to the venerable mansion 
built by Gen. Newell, and occupied by him more than 
half a century. He was the successor of Isaac Newell, the 
first settler of this locality. The building is a specimen of 
the earlier style of building, designed then to be of a supe- 
rior order, which, with its former appendages and elevated 
position, presented a stately appearance. Mr. Bennett, the 
present proprietor, has removed the front fence, and made 
great changes around it. It is now more simple in appear- 
ance, and a rehc, it is hoped, tiiat may long remain. As we 
have elsewhere remarked, here was the centre of business 
many years. Opposite, and some twenty or thirty rods to 
the north, there still remains the handsome residence of Mr. 
Samuel Hobbs, erected by him, which has uniformly been 
kept by his son, Samuel, in a good state of repair. The 
buildings of which we are speaking, are specimens of thor- 
ough and durable architecture, more so than those of mod- 
ern structure. 

The next, was a two story dwelling-house, on the site 
now occupied by Mr. Hamant's beautiful residence. The 
next, a small one story dwelling-house, near the public- 
house. The public-house was erected by Col. Crafts, and 
is one of the oldest buildings in town. It has been greatly 
enlarged. Nearly opposite is the two story dwelling-house 



38 BISTOBICAL SKETCH 09 

built by Capt. Coburn, and now owned by Mrs. Hutchins. 
Thence on the hill, was the dwelh'ng-house of Dea. Daniel 
Plimpton, now occupied as a work shop. This enumeration 
includes all the principal buildings (excepting the Church) 
in the center of the town, in 1811. 

One of the old, one story buildings, owned and occupied 
by Maj. Thomas Upham, is very well remembered by the 
writer, as his first boarding place in the town. Its position 
was on an elevation, something more than a hundred yards 
southerly of the Gen. Newell house, on the east side of the 
road. The lower floor contained three small rooms, and a 
spacious location occupied by a chimney in the middle. 
The Major's household consisted of his wife, six children, a 
matron, clerk in the store, two girls in the kitchen, and the 
writer, as a boarder. Our table, abundantly supplied with 
choice viands, was always inviting to the dense circle 
gathered around it. The reader is left to tax his imagina- 
tion as to our dorinatories. He may be assured, we not 
only had an abundant supply to eat, but that we always 
slept soundly. 

On a site a little more elevated, a few rods southeast- 
erly, Maj. Upham erected the largest dwelling-house in 
town, furnishing him with ample room, in which he, his 
widow and two children died. This structure, with all the 
buildings connected with it, was destroyed by fire in the 
year 1844. It was then owned by Mr. E. Soulhwick. 

Another one story old building, situated on the north 
side of the common, on the spot now occupied by Mr. 
Varuey's dwelling-house, and the group of buildings near it, 
must not be passed over unnoticed. In the year 1811, it 
was untenanted, and presented a solitary appearaiice. 
However uninviting, we had no alternative in selecting it for 
an office. The east portion of the building was appropri- 
ated to that purpose, where wc passed a rather solitary win- 
ter, without Iteing nnich disturbed by clients. We soon be- 
came convinced that something more than a sign attached 



STUEBRIDGE AND SOUTHBJ^IDGB. 39 

to the building, was necessary to give publicity that a law- 
yer by profession was secluded within. The retreat had 
some redeeming advantages. We could uninterruptedly 
ponder upon the pages of Blackstone, and other sages of the 
law. For many a long day, we were scarcely interrupted 
with a request to call an offender, or a debtor, to an account. 
We began to think it was not a very cheering position for a 
penny less young man. 

In the rear of this position, tliere was a very prolific 
growth of white birches and alders, spreading over an area 
of many acres. "^Jlie turnpike-road had recently found its 
way through them, which promised something a little more 
flattering in the line of business. There was no dwelling- 
house on the eastern route nearer than Capt. Bullock's, 
now owned by the town. 

The same view of dense white birches met the eye west- 
erly of the Church. They were spread over an extensive 
surface in that direction. The grove of oaks easterly of the 
church, was more than twice as large as it is at the present 
time. One of these majestic sons of the forest, standing 
near the road, was cherished and guarded with paternal 
care by the early settlers. At a late period of its history, 
it exhibited marks of violence. One of the noble branches 
of this venerated relic, was first severed, by a violent wind 
from its trunk, near the ground. The other portion exhib- 
ited melancholy proof that it must soon follow. A few 
years after, it yielded to the overwhelming power of the 
tempest, which it had defied for more than a century. We 
could hardly suppress a tear, when we saw our venerated 
friend and early acquaintance in ruins. 

We might point out the minute changes in the surface of 
the ground, but the perusal would be tedious. 

The brow of the elevation, on which the dwellings of 
George Davis and others stand, extended as far south as the 
site of Mr, J. Rice's house. The road being there very 
narrow, passed in a curving course. 



40 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

In front of the house of Dr. Sanders, there was a hollow 
eight or ten feet deep, resembUng a large basin, overgrown 
with bnshes, and at certain seasons of the year partially 
filled with water. 

We are informed by Mr. Thomas Lyon, that Elijah Mar- 
cy, a son of Col. Marcy, built and kept the first public-house 
in town. It was situated on the northerly side of the high- 
way, near Mrs. Hutchin's dwelling-house. We are also in- 
formed by him, that there was a saw-mill on the Hobbs 
Brook, for some years. It was found, on experiment, that 
a sufficiency of water could not be secured to render its 
continuance profitable. There was also a potash establish- 
ment in the village, near this Hrook, which was in suc- 
cessful operation many years. The business of making 
potash, was formerly in this region of country, carried on 
extensively and profitably. 

This village makes'no claims to rapidity of growth, or 
an extraordinary spirit of enterprise. Although gradual, it 
is very evident that there has been progress. 

The buildings are not expensive, but neat and comforta- 
ble ; generally kept in a good and handsome condition, pre- 
senting an appearance of thrift. 

In regard to public buildings, the Congregational Meet- 
ing house vvas built in the year 17S5. 
The Town-house in 1S38. 

A large brick School-house was built v.\ 1851. It was 
destroyed by fire in the winter of 1S55, and rebuilt the 
same year. 

Although the ground, for building in the central portion 
of the village, is mostly occupied, there is ample room for 
its convenient and handsome enlargement in various direc- 
tions. If the manufacture of boots and shoes, recently com- 
menced by Messrs. Southwick and Allen, should prosper, 
this will be necessary, not only for this purpose, but for the 
convenience of other mechanical enterprises. 

Within the last twenty years, gratifying attention has 



STURBRIDGB AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 41 

been paid to the cultivation of fruit and ornamental trees in 
this village. 

The impression formerly prevailed, that the soil in the 
central portion of the village, was not very well adapted to 
the growth of apple-trees. Experience has proved the in- 
correctness of this impression. Tiiey are as productive, as 
in any other port ion of iho town, and the fruit equal in 
flavor. 

We should do injustice to the central Village, not to add, 
that it is pleasant in appearance, and possesses inviting 
scenery. There are points of elevation, where the eye can 
survey a bold and beautiful landscape. The elevation 
where the Church stands, is one of those points. Here, 
Fisk-Hill, with its gentle descent, and the valley between, 
appear to admirable advantage. Take another point, a 
little southerly of the old burying ground, you have a more 
bold and expansive view. The center Village has some 
venerated attractions. It is the oldest in the two towns, 
and was selected for public buildings by the first settlers. 
Here they met and consulted together, and laid their plans 
for their own, and the interests of coming generations. 
Here they met as soldiers, and trained, and disciplined 
themselves to meet the appalling conflict which summoned 
all their courage and every manly virtue. Here too, they 
erected the first Altar, where they consecrated themselves 
to that good Being, who had watched over, guided, and 
sustained them, in all their trials. Here successive genera- 
tions have convened to worship the God of their fathers, 
and also to deliberate together, and transact their municipal 
concerns, and here sleep their ashes. Surely it is a spot 
which claims remembrance. 

An establishment for the manufacture of shoe-making 
tools, situated about a half of a mile northeasterly of the 
central church, has been in operation about ten years. 
The business was commenced and carried on till recently 

by Mr. Sumner Packard. Mr. Varney, the present proprie- 

4* 



42 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 

tor, succeeded him in the concern. About twelve or fifteen 
hands are usually employed in the establishment. The ar- 
ticles manufactured arc a great improvement on those for- 
merly in use, and may be ranked among the useful im- 
provements of the present day. The manufacture of boots 
and shoes, has become one of the most important branches 
of industry in the Commonwealth. The capital thus in- 
vested, is hardly second to any other branch of business. 

The original works, in this locality, were constructed and 
used, during several years, for the manufacture of pistols. 
Dr. Seabury, then of Southbridge, was the principal pro- 
prietor. The change, which has succeeded in the article 
manufactured, is quite as compatible with pacific principles, 
and quite as useful to the public. 



NAMES OF ORIGINAL SETTLERS, &c. 



The name of Allen appears among the early settlers, and 
has been very common m Sturbridge. They probably 
sprang from Nehimiah and Isaac Allen. Nehemiah had 
seven sons, viz : — Timothy, Nehemiah, Jacob, Eliphalet, 
Abel, David and Abner. Hezekiah, still Hving, is a son of 
Timothy. Isaac Allen had five sons, viz : — Aaron, Simeon, 
Caleb, the revolutionary soldier, Elisha, and Ithamar. They 
all lived to advanced life. The sons of these two individ- 
uals were adults during the revolutionary period, and shared 
in its privations. The Aliens of this town, have sustained 
a very respectable standing. We are indebted to Mr. Hez- 
ekiah Allen, for the names and parentage. Mr. Hezekiah 
has represented the town, in the Legislature, and frequently 
discharged other trusts, as an officer of the town. 

Joshua Harding lived in that part of the town, now 
Southbridge. He was in the Revolutionary war as we have 
stated. The town records show that he, as well as his son 
Joshua, possessed superior quahfications for the office of 
Town-Clerk. The several Harding families in town, now 
greatly diminished, sustained a very creditable standing. 
Joshua, senior, died in 1797, in the 71st year of his age. 
The same may be said of the Freeman families. Some of 
them were prominent men. 



44 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

Maj. Samuel Freeman was one of the most capable men 
ofSturbridge In the earlier part of his life, he was em- 
ployed for many years, in the winter season, as a very ac- 
ceptable (eaclier of common schools. He wrote a very legi- 
ble and beautiful hand, and was a good aritiimetician. He 
was also extensively employed as an accurate surveyor of 
lands. Few, not having had professional advantages, were 
his equal as a draftsman of instruments of various kinds. 
He discharged the duties of magistrate. In town affairs, 
especially if important, his services were always sought. 
He represented the town, at several periods, in the Legisla- 
ture. He was not only a valuable townsman and citizen, 
but an exemplary and active christian. While thus exert- 
ing his usefulness, he removed with his numerous family 
into the state of Ohio, where, as a prominent pioneer, he 
exerted a salutary and controling inllueuce, till the close of 
life. 

We suppose Maj. Freeman was a descendant of Samuel 
Freeman, who was one of the first settlers in what is now 
the middle of the town of Southbridge. 

I^lijah Plimpton, the f^ithcr of HIijah, who was in the rev- 
olutionary service, came to this town from Medfield. James 
Plimpton also came from the same place. He was the 
father of I)ca. Joel, Jepthah and Ziba. Dea. Joel Plimpton 
lived to an advanced age, a very exemplary man and chris- 
tian. The same may be said of Ziba. Jepthah was a 
very upright man, and frequently a town ollicer, 

Elijah Plimpton, senior, and James, were among the first 
settlers in the southern part of the town. The widow of 
Elijah Plimpton Jr. drew a pension in consequence of her 
husband's revolutionary services. She was a woman of 
uncommon firmness and decision of character. She died at 
the age of 95. 

Mr. Seth Turner was another emigrant from Med- 
way. He was one of the first settlers as we suppose. 
He lived in the northerly part of the town. On our first 



STRUBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 45 

acquaintance, he was advanced in years. He possess- 
ed a largQ landed estate. He was an upright man, 
and an exemplary citizen. He was the father of Ed- 
ward Turner, the clergyman extensively known as a man 
of talents and respectability. The father, with his silver 
locks, and venerable appearance, reminded one of the an- 
cient patriarchs, recorded in Scripture. Mr. Turner died in 
1838, in the ninety second year of his age. We have not 
been able to ascertain whether he was in either the French, 
or Revolutionary wars. 

Jonathan Gibbs and his brother Zepheniah, lived in the 
soutlierly part of the town. Jonathan was during life, one 
of the most substantial men of the town. As a farmer, his 
work was always performed in season, and well done. 
Possessing a strong physical constitution, discreet in calcu- 
lations, prompt, energetic, and decisive — whatever he un- 
dertook was accomplished. He always found time for all 
his secular concerns, and for punctual attendance at relig- 
ious meetings. Of whatever, in his opinion would promote 
public convenience, the moral, civil and religious interests 
of the community, he was an active supporter. In his man- 
ners, vory plain, frank and social. He died on the 24th 
day of August, in the 95th year of his age. His brother 
Zepheniah was a respectable man. Mr. J. Gibbs must have 
been one of the first settlers in the south part of the town. 

THE DENESON FAMILY. 

We find in the old burying ground, two monuments, well 
wrought, durable, and large, compared with those of that 
period, bearing the names of James Deneson and his wife. 
Jt appears from the inscription, Mr. Deneson was born in 
Scotland, and was one of the first settlers. He died in 1785, 
in the 85th year of his age. it was evidently a family of 
notoriety, as the name of Deneson is still familiar among the 
aged people. 



46 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

Samuel Hamaiit, and Job ilamant, brothers, came into 
this town in early life, from Medfield. They were the an- 
cestors of ilie Hamants of this town and vicinity. Carpen- 
ters by trade, they carried on, in connection with it, the 
business of farming. They snstained their shares in the 
burdens of the revolutionary contest, by en)ployii)g others 
for active service. Dea. Job. Hamant, during a long period, 
was an officer of the Church, and Town-Clerk. Being the 
only land surveyor in town, his time was very much occu- 
pied in surveying land. He made a very minute survey of 
tlie town, designating upon his plan, the ponds, river, 
brooks, roads, houses, and other particulars. He made 
three plans, one for the town, one for himself, and another 
for his brother. It is to be regretted that none of them arc 
now to be found. The deer were quite common in his day, 
in this region of country. We arc informed that the last 
that was killed in town, was by him. 

Dea. llaraant married Jemima Baker, daughter of Jo- 
seph Baker, who was one of the first settlers on, or in the 
neighborhood of Shnmway Hill. He was very exemplary, 
as a citizen, a townsman, and a christian. This exemplary 
character is peculiarly marked in the lives of the descend- 
ants of those worthy progenitors. Dea. Hamant died in 
1810, in the OSth year of his age. 

Dea. Hamant was the father of Dr. Hamant of Union, very 
respectable as a man, and a physician, also of the late Job 
Hamant, a very worthy townsman, and an exemplary 
christian, and also of .Mrs. Dunlon ihc widow of the late 
Dea. Dnnton ofSturbridge. Mr. Charles Hamant, who is at 
the head of the Seminary in Groton, is a grandson. 

We find in exatninitig the town records, that Mr. Samuel 
Hamant was an active and influential man in town. He 
was, for several years in succession, one of the selectmen. 
He was the first settler in that locality, where Mr. Absalom 
Stockwcll resides. The Hamant Brook, (so called,) un- 
doubtedly look its name from him. 



STUEBEIDGE AND SOUTHBEIDGE. ^ 



CAPT. PEREZ WALKER. 

Capt. "Walker was a son of Josiah Walker, one of the 
early settlers of Stiirbridge. Josiah Walker bore arms in 
the French war. He represented the town a number of 
years, in the general Court, and was an active and useful 
townsman. A member of the church, he was an able sup- 
porter of religion. Mr. Josiah Walker was, in person, tall, 
stout, and possessed great physical and mental energy. 
Whatever he purposed, was accomplished, if practicable. 
It was a prevalent notion in those days, to retain the home- 
stead entire, in its descent, in the name of the ancestors ; 
thereby perpetuating their memory, hi this respect it is 
laudable, and salutary in its tendency. Perez became the 
possessor of the large paternal homestead. He did not as- 
pire to public distinction, but was contented to be an exem- 
plary and energetic farmer. This business, he carried on 
quite as extensively as any other man in town. In whatever- 
was to be done, he always led the way, not exacting of his 
workmen any thing unreasonable. His table was spread 
with every thing requisite to sustain and invigorate the con- 
stitution. In reference to his moral, benevolent, and relig- 
ious course, acts rather than words developed his control- 
ing principles. At the commencement of the temperance 
reformation, he had for some time been lucratively engaged 
in distilling various materials into intoxicating liquors. 
As soon as he became convinced that his distillery was un- 
favorable to the cause of temperance, he instantly abandon- 
ed the business. He was surprised, and regretted, that he 
had not earlier made the discovery. When it was found 
to be necessary and convenient to have the Congregational 
church re-modelled ; and after ineetings were multiplied, 
much debating, and considerable opposition, Capt. Walker 
offered to take upon himself the responsibility of making 



48 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

the alteration. His proposals were accepteJ. His time 
and attention were devoted to the work. It was accom- 
plislied to the general satisfaction. Tiie society had the 
benefit of his personal services, and a pecuniary deficiency, 
which he sustained, of between one and two hundred dol- 
lars. The reflection, that a useful undertaking had been 
accomplished, was all the compensation he desired. For 
more than thirty years, various benevolent and literary in- 
stitutions, and numerous other objects of utility and charity, 
can bear testimony to his liberality. He paid one hundred 
dollars annually, during five or six years in supporting a 
missionary at the NVest. The crowning act of his benevo- 
lence was the bequest of two thousand dollars to five dif- 
ferent benevolent societies. Considering the amount of his 
property, few have done more for benevolent purposes. 
Having only the common means of a farmer, how could he 
do so nuich for such objects as we have mentioned, aid his 
children liberally, while living, and leave a very handsome 
estate for his widow and children ? Tlic answer is given in 
a few words. Industry, promptness, economy, and discreet 
calculation marked his course. We must add. as not the 
least efficient cause of success, the harmonious co-operation 
of his companion. iMany years before his death, they had 
unitedly made a public profession of rL-ligion. It was illus- 
trated by him, mon^ by example, than words. In private 
conversation he spoke of religion freely, in regard to his 
own feelings. It was evident that his external acts emenaled 
from conscientious motives. 'J'he question with him was, 
in relation to any particular course of conduct, is it right? 
is it duty ? Capt. Walker was in person, above the ordi- 
nary size, of a sedate and connnanding countenance, and of 
agreeaMe manners. He died on the I7th day of Aug. 1851, 
in the 81st year of his age. 

Since sketching several individuals of ihe Vy'alker family, 
we have been favored, by a dislinguished descendant of 
Nathaniel Walker, with the genealogy of this ancestor. 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 49 

Nathaniel was the son of John Walker, of Newton, who 
was the son of Samuel Walker of Woburn ; who was the 
son of Augustine Walker of Charlestown, who was made a 
freeman in that town, in ICll, and died soon after, at Bil- 
boa, in Spain. He was master of a merchant Vessel. 

President Walker, of Harvard Uiiiversity, and Judge 
Walker, of Cincinnati, Ohio, are descendants of Augustine. 
Nathaniel settled in Sturbridge, in 1748. He was a carpen- 
ter, and worked in building the first meeting-house. He 
married Submit Brewer, each of whose brothers, David and 
Jonathan commanded a regiment, in the Revolutionary 
war, and fell during the Campaign against Burgoyne. 
The eleven children of Nathaniel, were as follows, viz : — 
James, who removed to Belchertown, and had nine chil- 
dren ; Mary, who married a Mr. Richardson, and Lucy,^who 
married Maj. Comfort Freeman, of Sturbridge; Nathaniel, 
who settled in Sturbridge; Phineas, who removed to Wood- 
stock, Ct. had nine children ; Asa, who lived on Lebanon 
Hill ; Josiah, who remained on the homestead ; Beulah, 
who married a Mr. White, and removed to Middlefield ; 
Joel, who removed to Vermont ; Lydia, and Submit, who 
never married. The first dwelling-house, on the spot 
where Mr. Walker settled, was erected by him, more than 
a century ago. It is now a very comfortable residence. 
The shingles on the north end are in a good condition, and 
would, apparently, with proper care, weather half of ano- 
ther century. His descendants are numerous, and exhibit 
his exemplary traits of character. He was captain of a 
mihtia company. Capt. Nathaniel Walker died Feb. 8th, 
1783. He lived to witness the triumphant result of the 
American Arms. Chester Wa'ker, of the fourth generation, 
is the proprietor and occupant of the old homestead. Mr. 
Nathaniel Walker, still living, having long enjoyed the con- 
fidence and esteem of the community, is a grandson. 

6 I 



50 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

JOHN HOLBROOK, Esq. 

Mr. Holbrook was in the revolutionary service. How 
long, we are not .able to state. 

He held the office of deputy Sheriff, many years, which, 
at that period, required no inconsiderable active duty. If 
he occasionally lacked a little in the exercise of lenity, it 
must have originated from the dictate of his feelings to be 
prompt and energetic in the discharge of duties and obliga- 
tions, and a desire that other men should be equally so. 
He also held a commission of Justice of the Peace. 

Decision, perseverance, and energy, were his peculiar 
characteristics. These, together with industry, enabled him 
to acquire an estate almost equal to that of any other man 
in town. He never complained that his taxes were too 
high, and cheerfully bore a part in sustaining whatever 
public utility required. At an advanced age, he made a 
public profession of religion, and manifested its influence 
in his life. He lived in that stirring period of our history 
which demanded firm and decisive character. That trait 
of character peculiarly marked the men of that period. As 
we have noticed in another place, he bore arms in the revo- 
lutionary war. He settled in the western part of the town, 
near the Brimfield line. 

Dr. THOMAS BABBIT. 

Dr. Babbit was a native of Sturbridge, and a son of the 
second practising physician in the town. His father was 
energetic, and commanded an extensive practice, but was not 
refined in his manners, or conversation. He was attentive 
to the instruction of iiis children, and gave two of his sons a 
collegiate and professional education. Thomas was a grad- 
uate of Harvard, and student of Dr. AVarrcn, the acknow- 



STUEBRIDGE AND SOUTHBEIDGE. 61 

ledged head of the profession in New-England ; and proba- 
bly on this side of the Atlantic. Dr. Babbit was surgeon of 
a squadron under the command of the fearless Gen. Eaton, 
who rendered signal service to his country by teaching a 
lawless people a lesson which they have not forgotten. 
There is no doubt his professional opportunities, in this ex- 
pedition, were well improved. The writer's acquaintance 
with him, commenced after his return. Although his loca- 
tion after this period was in Brookfield, his skill and prac- 
tise were not confined to that town, or even the adjacent 
towns. If any difficult case occurred, which baffled the 
skill of common practitioners. Babbit was the man. Quick 
and sagacious, but not rash in determining what ought to 
be done, he went resolutely to work, and left nothing un- 
done which could be effected by his ingenuity and skill. In 
extreme cases, his judgment and sagacity, often enabled him 
to deviate successfully from the common practice. Recovery 
in many a hopeless case, might be ascribed to his instrumen- 
tality, so far as human agency is concerned. In cases where 
counsellors doubted, the result proved the correctness of his 
course. Wc remember well that alarming and nondescript 
disease, called the spotted fever. Dr. Babbit watched its 
fearful progress for months before it appeared in his vicinity, 
and endeavored to prepare himself, as much as possible, to 
meet it. Probably there never existed a greater degree of 
terror than was manifested on its near approach. The 
march of a desolating army could not equal it in dread. 
Brandy was recommended as an antidote. The fears, and 
senses likewise, of many were allayed by its influence. 
Babbii discountenanced all such indiscretion and folly. Day 
and night, week after week. Dr. Babbit was in the midst 
of this appalling scourge, exerting all his professional re- 
sources to arrest its progress. As a physician and surgeon, 
he had not a superior in this region. Cut down in the midst 
of his usefulness, his loss was extensively felt. He was 



52 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

generous almost to a fault. To his generosity, and a want 
of attention to money matters, may be ascribed his Hmited 
means. He had imperfections — he possessed also noble 
traits of character. In person, large and dignified, in man- 
ners and conversation, easy, intelligent and pleasing. He 
was exceedingly fond of society. One of his sons became a 
distinguished naval oliicer. 

Hon. JABEZ UPHAM. 

Jabez Upham was the first lawyer who practised law in 
Sturbridge. Here he began his professional career, but not 
receiving very flattering encouragement, after one or two 
years, he removed to Claremont, N. H. where he was in 
the practice a short time. From that place, he removed to 
Brookficld, (now West Brookfield,) where he was engaged 
in his profession till the close of life. Industry and per- 
severance enabled him steadily to rise in his profession. 
After a few years, he commanded an extensive busi- 
ness, as a collector, and as an advocate. He examined his 
cases for trial with unwearied research, and left nothing 
undone, which he could fairly and honorably do for his 
client. If his client's side of the case was evidently such, 
after a thorough examination, that it would not be safe for 
him to go to trial, he did not hesitate to tell him so. In the 
trial of important causes, the opposing counsel, frequently 
found it necessary to summon all his resources to meet his 
antagonist. He was uncommonly successful in the result 
of his cases. He possessed the implicit confidence of his 
clients. He worked faithfully for ihr-m, and required a fair 
equivalent. Fraud and deception received from him such 
rebuke as would not soon be forgotten. His otlice was con- 
sidered to be an eligible place for students, and was the re- 
sort of many young men. He came to the bar when such 
men as Gov. Lincoln, the elder, (Jov. iSrrong, and Gov. Sul- 
livan, were constant attendants of tiic Supreme Court in the 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 53 

Gounly of Worcester, and who stood in the front rank of the 
profession. The briUiant and eloquent Francis Blake, came 
to the bar about the same time, or soon after. Mr. Upham 
sustained, if not an equal, a very respectable standing 
among such men, as a lawyer and advocate. He frequently 
represented his town and county in the Legislature. He 
also represented his District, during four or six years in 
Congress. He was a member of that body, at that period 
when the world was watching with solicitude and astonish- 
ment, the mighty movements of the Emperor of France, at 
that period when the eccentric John Randolph was at the 
meridian of his glory. To see and hear John Randolph, 
was one ofthe chief attractions of the visitor at Washington. 
There were also at that time, in that body, such men as 
Pickering and Hillhouse, strong men of the Revolution, and 
Clay and Calhoun, who had started in their brilliant career. 
As a member of Congress, Mr. Upham exerted a salutary 
influence, and was highly respected. A valetudinarian 
during the latter part of his life, he suffered severely at 
times, from ill health and depression of spirits. He found 
in his wife, (one of the most amiable of women,) to whom 
he was devotedly attached, such a companion, in every re- 
spect, as he needed. In his domestic relations, no man 
could be more happy. 

He possessed a great share of that useful kind of sense, 
denominated co?nmo}i sense. Not favored with extraordi- 
nary natural endowments, unremitting application made 
him, in a great measure, what he was. In person, very 
tall, he was dignified and gentlemanly in appearance and 
manners. Strict integrity and a high sense of honorable 
dealing characterised his life. He had, for many years 
previous to his death, made a public profession of religion, 
which was uniformly exemplified in his daily deportment. 
He died in the midst of his usefulness, in the year 1813, 
aged 47. 

5* 



54 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

Mr. Uphara belonged to a family of distinction and ex- 
tensive influence. He was a native of Brookfield, a son of 
Phineas Uphani, Esq. Phineas Upham, Jr. Esq. another son, 
has for more than half a century, been one of the most re- 
spectable and prominent business men of Boston. He is 
the only surviving brother of Jabcz. Henry Upham, Esq. 
a highly respectable merchant of Boston, is the only sur- 
viving member of the family of Jabez. 

Dr. ABISHAI HOWARD. 

Dr. Howard was a native of Sturbridge, a son of Eleazer 
Howard, who was in the French and Revolutionary war. He 
was cotcmporary with Dr. Corey, the elder, although some 
years his junior. He was in active practice more than fifty 
years. Although not favored with regular literary advan- 
tages, his acquirements in literature and professional know- 
ledge, were sucli as rendered him a safe and useful practi- 
tioner. He was a student of Dr. Eaton of Dudley, who 
stood high in his profession, and whose services were ex- 
tensively sought. Dr. Howard made Dr. Eaton his model 
in practice. In his prescriptions, in chronic complaints, he 
depended very much upon what ho could gather from the 
fields and forests. He was exceedingly attentive to his pa- 
tients, and anxious to do, and have done for them, all, that 
in any way, might be of service. 

He was punctual in all his business transactions. In his 
day, a farm seemed to be almost an indispensable appen- 
dage to the medical profession. The Doctor was a practi- 
cal farmer. His house exhibited cheering evidence that he 
was not wanting in skill in this department. It was abun- 
dantly replenished with all the necessaries, and not wanting 
in the choice things of life. Plain in his dress, every thing 
in and out of his house exhibited tlic same characteristics 
of economy and utility. His amiable and frugal compan- 
ion was a hearty co-worker. They were both bright ex- 
amples in their moral and religious character. The Bible 



STUBBRIDGE AND SOUTHBEIDGE. 56 

and Scott's Commentaries were their constant compan- 
ions. None of the extravagant excitements of the times, 
ever diverted them from a straight-forward, uniform course. 
The husband survived the wife a few years. The Doctor 
was a kind and benevolent man. AUhough his estate was 
not large, he bequeathed for benevolent objects the sum of 
$300. Dr. Howard died Dec. 1, 1S44, aged 77. 

Dr. JACOB COREY. 

Dr. Corey was born in Stnrbridge, where he passed 
a long life. His father and grandfather bore the name of 
John. By profession a physician, he had an extensive 
and successful practice for more than sixty years. In 
regard to his preparatory course for his profession, his 
academic advantages were limited. He studied medi- 
cine under the instruction of Dr. John Frink, of Rut- 
land, a man of considerable distinction in his profession. 
If his attainments were circumscribed at the commence- 
ment of his practice, they were constantly increasing by 
unremitted application. He was a great reader, not on- 
ly of medical authors, but of almost every literary work 
that attracted his attention. His marginal sketches were 
very copious. On the inspection of his books and papers, 
after his decease, it was surprising to witness his volumin- 
ous manuscripts, on a great variety of subjects, a striking 
evidence of his wonderful industry. lie appeared to be 
almost incessantly employed by day and by night in his 
profession. When not thus occupied, and at home, he was 
generally seen very busy on his farm, among his workmen, 
in the garden, or among his fruit trees. He was very fond 
of cultivating the latter. His garden contained a variety of 
medical productions, which might be useful in his profes- 
sion, and were thus applied, if deemed suitable. The saw, 
the hoe, and the pruning knife, were his familiar compan- 
ions. When did he find time to keep his accounts, which 



Ob HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

were in his own hand, when to read and write so much, is 
an enquiry which supposes extraordinary industry. Fa- 
vored witli a cheerful countenance, and a great flow of 
spirits, his patients soon felt their genial influence. If the 
patient required litlle else beside such an influence, his pre- 
scriptions were accordingly. Often, in this way, in cases of 
despondency, was he known to cheer up the patient, and 
give a favorable turn to the disease. He had few equals in 
the treatment of fevers. His visits were always on horse- 
back, and embraced an extensive circuit. To multiply his 
labors, he held the offices of town-clerk and town-treasurer 
for many years. His influence, the last years of his life, m 
favor of the temperance reibrmation, is worthy of notice. 
Doubting for a while, whether a person who had long been 
accustomed to the use of stimulants, especially in the warm 
season of the year, and in laborious occupations, could 
safely dispense with them entirely, he became convinced 
tliat it was practicable, and that more labor could be per- 
formed, and in a more acceptable manner without such 
stimulants. This conviction was confirmed by observation, 
and an experiment upon himself 

He cheerfully patronized common schools. He gave his 
own children more extended advantages than could be 
obtained in them. He also patronized religious institu- 
tions, and frequently manifested his need of a personal in- 
terest in religion. He never made a public profession of re- 
ligion. His house was characterized by hospitality and 
cheerfulness. He left a very handsome estate for his chil- 
dren, and had he not been lenient in enforcing the pay- 
ment of his demands, he might have left them much more. 
Dr. Corey's dress was always plain, durable, and mostly 
the manufacture of his own household. In person, he was 
stout and healthy, possessing a cheerful and animated coun- 
tenance. In conversation atfable, intelligent, and not un- 
frequenlly seasoned with amusing anecdotes. He possessed 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 57 

the full command of his mental faculties, till his last hour. 
He died at the age of 83, May J 7th, 1839. 

Dr. Corey's grandfather was the first settler of the spot, 
about a mile northwesterly of the Congregational Church, 
where the late Capt. David Corey resided. His farm was 
probably extensive. Some vestiges may be traced where 
the old buildings stood. 

Dr. JACOB COREY, Jr. 

Dr. Corey was the sou of Dr. J. Corey, a sketch of whose 
character has been given. The writer during many years, 
enjoyed liis endearing society, and had become well ac- 
quainted with his moral excellencies, his literary and pro- 
fessional attainments. Witnessing his early fondness for 
books, and indications of promise, the father was disposed 
to encourage both, by givmg him a public education. Well 
fitted for college, he passed through his collegiate course 
with a high reputation as a scholar, and as an amiable 
young man. Gov. Marcy, and the Hon. J. J. Fiske, were 
his townsmen and class-mates. His opportunities, to be- 
come fitted for his profession, were favorable, and industri- 
ously improved. About the time he was commencing prac- 
tice, he was reduced very low by a severe fit of sickness. 
Being afterwards subject to mental depression, supposed to 
be the effect, in some way, of this sickness, his practice was 
suspended for some years. This infirmity gradually passed 
away, although its tendency was to curtail, for a time, his 
usefulness. He resumed practice, and continued a safe and 
useful practitioner through life. In the treatment of dislo- 
cated joints, broken bones, or any violent disorganization of 
the body, he had i'ew superiors in the country. 

He was a good mathematical scholar, and fond of the lan- 
guages, especially of the Greek ; it was his custom through 
life, to peruse ancient authors in that language. He uniform- 
ly read the Greek Testament on the Sabbath. He was deeply 



58 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF STDRBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 

interested in the primary scliools, and one of the school 
committee many years, and spared no pains to render him- 
self useful in that responsible trust. He was induced at 
two several periods, to accept the offices of town-clerk and 
town-treasurer, which were discharged with the utmost 
promptness and accuracy. 

He possessed a nice literary taste, and was equally so in 
his sense of propriety, in his intercourse in life. No man 
was more honest in his dealing, or more opposed to any 
conduct which might bear the semblance of duplicity or 
dishonesty. He resorted to no artful means to become pop- 
ular, or gain a point, although he was universally beloved. 
He was a kind and all'ectionate husband and parent, and a 
humble and devoted christian. He was very appropriately 
denominated, after his decease, the " beloved physician." 
This imperfect sketch is cheerfully given in hope of its sal- 
utary influence. We may add, Dr. Corey was eminently a 
peace-maker. If society were composed of such men as 
Dr. Corey, it would exhibit an aspect much more in har- 
mony with those divine precepts which he endeavored to 
illustrate in his life. 



REVOLUTIOMRT SOLDIERS. 



Mk. SAMUEL HOBBS. 



As Mr. Hobbs is admitted to be one of the party in dis- 
guise, who steeped a cargo of tea in the waters of Boston 
Harbor, we connect with his name, a sketch of the trans- 
actions which led to that event. A series of oppressive 
measures, during five or six years, waxing worse and worse, 
and more and more irritating, were followed up, one after 
another, till the crisis of determined resistance arrived. 
Unjustifiable taxation was the principal cause of complaint. 
The union of representation and taxation, universally al- 
lowed to be inseparable in just legislation, was totally dis- 
regarded in the policy of the mother country, towards her 
American Colonies. The stamp act, (so called,) Avas a 
measure peculiarly odious and oppressive in its requisitions. 
Almost every kind of instrument, to render it legal, must be 
written on stamped paper, claiming a high duty. It was 
universally denounced as oppressive and unjust, and evaded 
in every way ingenuity could invent. 

Duties on articles of necessary consumption, were almost 
equally burdensome. Conspicuous among these, was the 
article of tea. The fairer portion of the community, mani- 
fested their patriotism, in an extraordinary degree of self- 
denial, in opposing this measure. This laudable example, 



60 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

without doubt, prepared the way for au act of opposition, 
of a more signal character. Our history presents none 
more so, than the fearless transaction of casting into Boston 
Harbor, a cargo of tea. Two or three companies of young 
men, in the disguise of Indians, arc entitled to the honor of 
dispatching the work. Tiie people of Boston rushed to the 
spot, to witness this novel and extraordinary exiiibition. 
These Mohawks, in their boats, surrounded the freighted 
vessel, immediately boarded, and relieved her of her 
burden. Boston Harbor, at this juncture, must have pre- 
sented the largest preparation, of the cheering beverage, 
that has ever been witnessed. It was not an oblation to 
appease a heathen deity, but a most significant indication, 
that the crisis of resistance to unwarrantable requisitions, 
had arrived. This transaction, full of meaning, could not 
be misunderstood. It was, no doubt, countenanced, if not 
projected by the leading men of Boston. The intelligence 
spread, with electric velocity, over the country. It soon 
reached the cars of his majesty. It was received by him, 
and those who adhered to coersive measures, with no very 
pleasant emotions. The effect was very different on the 
party for conciliation, although not allowed to be a justifia- 
ble act. The Boston port bill was passed under the angry 
excitement of this intelligence. This act prohibited the 
lading or unlading of all goods and merchandize, in the 
Port of Boston. Its passage was powerfully opposed by 
the opposition in Parliament, but to no purpose. The main 
object of this bill, undoubtedly was, to chastise the Bostoni- 
aus. The opposition warned the administration of conse- 
qucnrcs, which would be, to nnite the colonies more firmly 
in a combined resistance — 1774 was the memorable era of 
this last oppressive measure. The paper blockade of Bos- 
ton, was immediately followed by an armed force. The 
state of afiairs, at this juncture, was rapidly tending to a 
point of decisive action, by both parties. The Declaration 
of Independence soon followed. 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 61 

It must be remembered, as in some degree redeeming the 
character of the mother Country, that a powerful party, in- 
cluding the lights of the nation, both in and out of parlia- 
ment, were decidedly opposed to the measures of the domi- 
nant party. To the former party belonged men of no less 
eminence, than the Earle of Chatham, Burke, Fox", and a 
multitude of others, who were in favor of conciliatory meas- 
ures, and decidedly opposed to taxation. The strongest 
man who favored the controling party, was the celebrated 
Dr. Johnson. It is very doubtful whether the Doctor was 
entitled to the highest rank as a statesman. Dean Tucker 
was in favor of acknowledging unconditionally, the inde- 
pendence of the American Colonies. He stood alone in his 
views. The result showed his wise forecast, and, what is 
better, a noble and humane heart. There is another circum- 
stance which aggravated these oppressive measures. The 
Colonies had recently borne the heat and burden of the 
French war, which resulted in the conquest of the Canadas. 
It mr.st also be remembered, that they received very little 
aid from the mother Country, in struggling up to manhood. 
The exactions from them, were not to promote their growth 
and prosperity, but to sustain armies and navies, in enabling 
her to retain and extend her conquests. We are more sur- 
prised at so protracted forbearance, than that decided resist- 
ance should have commenced so soon. Had there been no 
grounds for those complaints, to which we have alluded, 
it v/as totally incompatible with the character and circum- 
stances of the Colonies to remain longer subject to any na- 
tion. They had grown to such a state of maturity as fit- 
ted them for self-government, of which they gave unmis- 
takable evidence. It is a matter of surprise, that the in- 
domitable Saxon spirit could have been soothed so long, and 
to such a degree of forbearance. 

Mr, Hobbs was a native of Weston. He removed in 
early life to Sturbridge, where he established the tanning 
business in the middle of the town. This branch of busi- 
6 



62 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

ness, in connection with agriculture, he successfully pursued 
till near the close of life. He was noted for the superiority 
and faithfulness of his work. Mr. Hobbs had but few 
superiors in the methodical management of his affairs, and 
in judgment and taste in the arrangement and construction 
of his buildings for convenience and durability. Strict in- 
tegrity and an exemplary deportment marked his course 
through life. For many years, he was officially concerned 
in municipal affairs. His views in regard to the revolu- 
tionary struggle, were very strikingly developed in the 
transaction to which we have alluded. He found it more 
convenient to hire a substitute, for active service in the field. 
In the year 1811, when our acquaintance commenced, Gen. 
Newell, Dr. Corey, Mr. Hobbs, and Maj. Upham, were 
the leading men, in the centre of the town. In a physical 
point of view men have degenerated. Mr. Hobbs was, 
in stature, six feet three inches; broad shoulders, large and 
full chest, and of dignified appearance. He died May 11th. 
1823, aged 71. 

CoL. NATHAN RICE. 

Col. Nathan Rice, a sou of the Rev. Nathan Rice, the 
first settled minister in Stnrbridge, and the first settler of the 
old parsonage locality, may properly be claimed as one of 
our sons, who bore arms in the Revolution ; although we are 
not positive, that he resided in Stnrbridge when he entered 
the service. The writer, having had a personal acquain- 
tance with Col. Rice, has heard him converse on the events 
of the Revolution, and particularly, while coimected with 
Gen. Lincoln, as his aid. '^Fhis connection favored him 
with au opportunity of becoming extensively acquainted 
with the officers, and the most important transactions of 
that trying period. It was a school which fitted him for 
important military trusts, after the close of the war. He 
spoke of Gen. Lincoln as an able officer, although his posi- 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 63 

tion, at times, liad been unfortunate for him. The General, 
he observed, was afiected with a lethargic difficulty, and 
often suddenly overtaken by sleep, when not actively em- 
ployed. What was very peculiar, he could relate what was 
said in his hearing, during this state of lethargy. This pro- 
pensity did not disqualify him, in the least, for the discharge 
of his official duties. We have no document to enable us 
to show the exact period of Col. Rice's revolutionary ser- 
vices. We believe he was present at the memorable sur- 
render of Cornwallis, at Yorktowu, which was made to 
Gen. Lincoh], by the direction of Washington. This mark 
of respect to Gen, Lincoln, was in consequence of the hu- 
miliating terms Cornwallis had imposed on Gen. Lincoln, 
eighteen months prior to his own surrender. Here we see 
Washington yielding to another, what was due to himself. 
How many incidents of this sort, gem that radiant charac- 
ter! 

Col. Rice was a graduate of Harvard, and must have en- 
tered the service soon after leaving the University, and 
when quite young. 

We find him, some years after the close of the war, en- 
trusted with an important military command. After the 
French revolution had made some progress, England and 
France were again involved in war with each other, which 
was prosecuted with vigor, and no small degree of rancor. 
As might be expected, under such circumstances, both looked 
with a jealous eye toward America. P^rance, in particular, 
charged the Americans with partiality toward her enemy. 
Hence events, not very weighty, if viewed with a pacific 
spirit, were magnified into a serious misunderstanding be- 
tween us and France. Envoy after envoy was sent to ad- 
just difficulties. In the year 1799, the army was augmented, 
on the ground of an apprehended rupture with France. At 
this time, a body of troops was stationed at Oxford, under 
the chief command of Col. Rice. The writer recollects 
very well, when Gen. Hamilton came and inspected those 



04: HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

troops. All, who heard Hamilton address them, admired 
his extraordinary powers. He was the great man in the 
deld, as well as in the Cabinet. After Napoleon assumed 
ihc reins of the French Government, thediflicwlties between 
us and France were settled, and the Oxford army dis- 
banded. Col. Rice removed from Hingham to Burlington 
Vt. where he passed the remainder of his life in agricultural 
pursuits. 

Col. Rice and President Monroe were in the army to- 
gether, and intimate friends. President Monroe, in his tour 
to the north, spent as much time in visiting his old compan- 
ion in arms, as circumstances would permit. The inter- 
view was a treat of the most gratifying reminiscences. We 
allude to this visit, to show the strong attachment which 
existed among many of those revolutionary patriots. The 
trying scenes through which they passed together, were pe- 
culiarly calculated to perpetuate the attachment. Col. Rice 
was an accomplished gentleman, as well as an accomplished 
officer. He possessed literary taste, as well as military sci- 
ence. Possessing a large fimd of interesting facts, his con- 
versation was highly instructive. Although a little below 
mediocrity, in stature, his appearance as an officer was dig- 
nified and commanding. ^Ve well remember seeing him, 
while commander at Oxford, at the great gathering in AV'or- 
cester, on the memorable 22d of Feb. ISOO, a day in which 
Washington was the theme of eulogy, throughout the length 
and breadth of his country. 

Capt. benjamin FELTON. 

Capt. Benjamin Felton was born in Danvcrs, Mass. March 
4th, 1740. In 1755, he removed with his father to Rut- 
land, Mass. At the age of seventeen, lie enlisted into the 
service of what was denominated rhe French and Indian 
war, which was declared by the mother Country, against 
France, on account of encroachments on her Colonies. They 



STEUBEIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 65 . 

had become of a serious character, and demanded redress. 
The burden of this war, as we have elsewhere remarked, 
devolved to an exhausting degree, ou the Colonists. Having 
been commenced in 1755, it had progressed about two years, 
at the time of young Felton's enlistment. Those two years 
were marked with disasters and defeats. His services, cov- 
ering two and a half years, extended to very near the ter- 
mination of the war. In the year 175S, Pitt being placed 
at the head of the administration, the state of affairs began 
to exhibit a more flattering aspect. Young Felton's first 
services were, in assisting to drive a herd of cattle from 
Mass. over the Green Mountains, then a wilderness, to Lake 
Cham plain. Soon after his enlistment, he received the ap- 
pointment of Orderly Sergeant, which Vx'as a favorable indi- 
cation of future promotion. The duties of this somewhat 
responsible office, were faithfully discharged till the close of 
his time of service. Those services were rendered, at a pe- 
riod of the war, full of important and stirring movements. 
Defeat had stimulated the British to more discreet and vig- 
orous action. The enemy, too, began to be apprehensive, 
that there was danger of having his American possessions 
rested from him, which aroused him to correspondent efforts. 
A few years after Mr. Felton left the army, he became a 
resident for a short time, of Brookfield. In the year 1772, 
he removed from Brookfield to Sturbridge, where he resided 
during his revolutionary services. 

Although he had been a fellow soldier in arms, with the 
troops of the mother Country, two and a half years, he was 
not the man to submit to oppression, even from that coun- 
try. When the Revolutionary war broke out, he was one 
of the first to take up arms against her. On the 17th of 
June, he hastened to the theatre of action, in the memorable 
conflict of that day. He reached Bunker Hill in the midst 
of the engagement, and was near the brave Warren when 
he fell. It would be gratifying to us, and we presume to 

the reader, to give the names of some of the officers, under 

6* 



66 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

whom he served, and a more detailed account than we are 
enabled to do, of his several terms of service. Those peri- 
ods of service embraced nearly two years, and, from the 
facts we have obtained, some of the most perilous and ardu- 
ous of the revolutionary struggle. He was with Gen. Sul- 
livan, on Long Island, when that masterly retreat was 
made. He was in the several battles of Trenton, Brandy- 
wine and Monmouth ; and probably some others. He was 
honored, at some period, with a commission of Lieutenant. 
Nearly five years of his life were spent in actual warfare, 
and atj periods which required stern resolution, and great 
physical endurance. 

It is not surprising he should have felt an honorable pride 
in the occasional performance of military duties, in civil life. 
After the close of the war, the first company of cavalry or- 
ganized in the County of Worcester, was raised by Lieut. 
Felton, which elected him their Captain. How long he re- 
mained Captain of this company, we arc not informed. 

Ever firm and true to order, and the support of that gov- 
ernment which he had fought to establish, he with his com- 
pany, turned out to suppress the Shay's insurrection. He 
reached Springfield the next morning after the insurgents 
were routed by Gen. Shepard. Uniting with the forces 
gathered at the place, the insurgents were pursued till they 
were efiectually dispersed. Of this insurrection, we have 
spoken more particularly in another place. It was ihe first, 
and the last, which has occurred in ]\Iassachusetts. This is 
a brief sketch of Capt. Felton's military services. We are 
informed by our venerable friend, Dea. Phillips, who was 
well acquainted with Capt. Felton, that he possessed supe- 
rior abilities, great energy and decision of character. Capt. 
Felton was extensively known in the walks of civil and 
social life, and highly esteemed and respected. Although 
the scene of the arduous labors of those venerated men, 
is constantly receding, gratitude is cherishing their memo- 
ries. Here is to be found the soldier's priceless monu- 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE, 67 

merit. Capt. Felton removed from Stnrbridge to Brook- 
field, where he resided until Jan. 26, 1S20, when he died 
at the age of nearly 81 years. We arc indebted to highly 
respected friends for many of the important facts in this 
sketch. 

Mr. CYRUS FAY. 

Mr. Fay, a native of Sturbridge, deserves a record among 
her revolutionary soldiers. As in some other instances, we 
are unable to state definitely the period of his services. We 
believe he was one of the number of those who were in 
New York, in the year 1777, at that dark hour of the 
conflict, when the British had 24000 regular troops, in the 
vicinity of the city ; and Washington, in the possession 
of the city, had a comparatively small force; and at that 
distressing hour too, when the Americans, overwhelmed 
with numbers, lost on Long Island one thousand of their 
brave men, A gleam of hope immediately succeeded the 
despondency. The retreat from Long Island, and the 
evacuation of New- York, were movements of unsurpassed 
military skill, and marked witii a signal interposition of 
the Divine favor. The British, considering the rebels 
completely within their grasp, were not a little surprised, 
when the discovery was made, that they had escaped 
out of their hands. It was at this juncture, that the 
brave Capt. Hale, a young man of high promise and 
superior accomplishments, lost his life in a bold attempt to 
obtain important information in regard to the state of the 
enemy. He was arrested, and without the formality of a 
trial, condemned. His last memorable words, at the exe- 
cution, were, that " he lamented that he had only one life 
to lose for his country." Some of Mr. Fay's services were 
performed in New- York, and thought to be at the period 
above mentioned. Mr. Fay died in 1837, aged 87. He 



68 HISTOBICAL SKETCH OP 

was an honest and an industrious man, and an exemplary 
christian. 

Since writing the above, we have been informed that Mr. 
Fay's father was the first settler in that portion of the town. 
John and Cyrus, his sons, are the possessors of a portion 
of his estate, who are of the third generation. The estate, 
in their hands has been greatly improved in buildings, and 
in other respects. 

Capt. ADAM MARTIN. 

Capt. Mariin was a native of Sturbridge, and held the 
rank of Captain, in the war of the Revolution. He was the 
son of Aaron Martin, who was the first settler in that part 
of Globe Village where Maj. Samuel Fiskc resided. The 
father was drowned in attempting to cross Uuineboag 
River. His Lieutenant was Seth Washburn of Leicester, 
the father of Ex. Gov. Washburn. The Company be- 
longed to Col. Timothy Bigelow's Regiment. Col. Bige- 
low was reported to be an excellent officer. The writer 
remembers that Lieut. Washburn was a firm, energetic and 
persevering man. As Capt. Martin is supposed to have 
been in the service, during most of the war, we regret that 
we are not in possession of facts to speak of him more in 
detail. He had two brothers, Aaron and Moses, who were 
in the Army about the same length of time. After the close 
of the war, although they started for home, at points quite 
remote from each other, they arrived in the middle of the 
town of Sturbridge within three hours of each other. Capt. 
Martin was the first settler of the tract of land, afterwards 
owned by Silas Marsh, and occupied by him for a long pe- 
riod. He removed soon after the close of the war, to the 
town of Salem, in the State of New-York, where he held 
the rank of Col. and was highly respected. 

Capt. Martin was the father of Gen. Waller Martin, who 
purchased a township of new land, in the state of New- 



STDEBEIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGB. 69 

York, on which he commenced the first settlement. He 
soon gathered around him settlers; some of whom were 
tVora Sturbridge, He built a church, at his own expense, 
and, in various other ways, encouraged the growth and 
prosperity of the town. He was distinguished for enter- 
prise, benevolence, and energy of character. The town 
bears ihe name of Martinsburgh, in honor of its first settler 
and benefactor. 

Dr. ABRAHAM ALLEN. 

Dr. Allen a son of Jacob Allen of Sturbridge, at the age 
of 14 or 15, enlisted into service, near the close of the war. 
He performed the duty of fifer. Then a very small lad, he 
manifested that resolute and persevering trait of character 
which marked his course through life. With some aid from 
his father, he prepared himself for the practice of medicine 
and surgery, and commenced his professional career in the 
town of Salem, in the State of New- York. Soon after he 
commenced practise, a dispute arose between him and the 
other physicians of the vicinity, in regard to the disease of a 
child. Allen contended that it was in the head, which the 
other physicians would not admit. After the death of the 
child, Allen requested a post mortem examination, to which 
the friends would not consent. After its burial, Allen went 
alone, in the night, disinterred the corpse, severed the head 
from it, and made an examination in the presence of his 
opponents, and convinced them that he was correct in his 
opinion. The consequence was, a prosecution against Al- 
len, a very exciting trial and conviction. Chief Justice 
Kent presided. Although convicted, this bold transaction 
prepared the way for his extensive practice and future ce- 
lebrity. The Chief Justice (as Allen observed,) would af- 
terwards humorously allude to this event in conversation 
with him. He possessed extraordinary skill in determining 
the nature of the disease. A striking instance of his skill. 



70 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

in this particular, occurred in Slnrbridge, in the case of Mr. 
Buckminster Wight, which is well remembered. Asa phy- 
sician, and surgeon, he had few superiors. He died at tlie 
age of eighty, in the full possession of his mental pow- 
ers. 

AMOS BOYDEN was in the service the latter part of 
the war. 

JUSTUS BOYDEN, a brother at the same time. 

It is supposed their period of service was about one year. 
Tliey returned home together, after hostilities had ceased. 

A son of Peter Morse, was in the army. His services 
were during the latter part of the war. 

JOSEPH MILLS was in the service during that period of 
the war. 

SYRIEL LEECH was in the service about six months. 
He was notified to leave home at a moments warning. A 
venerable friend, then a mere lad, was present, and wit- 
nessed the parting scene. The knap-sacic was replenished 
with a loaf of wheat bread and other eatables. We notice 
many trivial incidents, as illustrating the trials, and state 
of feeling iji many a home during that protracted conflict. 

Mr. JOHN DUNTON was in the Revolutionary war. 
The period of his services we have not been able to ascertain. 

Mr. WELCH was also in the army. We have not 
been able to ascertain how long. 

PHINEAS AVALKER, a son of Nathaniel, the original 
settler, was in the French war when quite young. A 
grandson informs lis that he has frequently heard his 
grandfather relate his journey through the woods to Ticon- 
deroga and Crown-point. He must have been in the Revo- 
lutionary war most of the time, for he was called out, not 
less than thirteen different periods. He advanced $1000 
to the Government, without any expectation of receiving 
any part of it hack, as, in fact, he never did. Such sacri- 
fices manifest the unllinching spiiit of the man, and of the 
times. Mr. Walker was the owner of a large farm, which 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 71 

he carried on, and also carried on black-smithing exten- 
sively. Notwithstanding his pecuniary sacrifices to his 
country, he acquired a very large estate, for those days, 
which he distributed among his children. He was an intel- 
ligent, strong-minded man, of most reliable character. 
Amongst his grandchildren, are the Rev. Charles Walker, 
D. D. of Pittsford, Vt. Rev. Alden Walker, of Rutland, Vt. 
and the Hon. Amasa and Freeman Walker, of North Brook- 
field. It is worthy of notice, that here were three brothers, 
Josiah, Nathaniel, and Phineas, in the French war, and Na- 
thaniel, Phineas, and Asa, in the Revolutionary war. 

Lieut. NATHANIEL WALKER. 

As. Mr. Walker was one of those men who effected im- 
portant results, at the North, in 1777, a sketch of the opera- 
tions in that quarter may not be out of place, in this work. 
In that year, Gen. Bnrgoyne appeared with an army of 
eight thousand regulars, two thousand Canadians, one 
thousand Indians, and a formidable train of artillery. In 
its early progress, no small degree of alarm pervaded the 
country. The commander of these forces issued a gascon- 
nading manifesto, replete with denunciations against the 
Americans, threatening them with vengeance, if they per- 
sisted in their wicked rebellion. It evinced very limited 
views of the character of the rebels, or of human nature. It 
was very far from having the intended effect. Gen. Gates' 
reply, presented a striking contrast. It breathed a tone of 
calmness, firmness, and decision. The state of our affairs, 
at this juncture, was by no means cheering. It was char- 
acterized by a series of defeats at the South and North. 
These sad results, however, did not produce despondency. 
The march of Bnrgoyne did not, for a while, tend to counter- 
act the prevailing discouragement. He immediately took 
possession of Ticonderoga and Fort Independence. Soon 
after the surrender of these forts, the Americans lost two 



72 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

hiindrcd men, killed, about the same number taken prison- 
ers, and six hundred in the woods perished of wounds and 
other causes. In July, 1777, Gen. Scuyler, in an engage- 
ment of three hours, was forced to retreat with no inconsid- 
erable loss of men. Thus far success attended the move- 
ments of Burgoyne. His course marked with the atroci- 
ties of savage warfare, spread with rapidity, and infused in- 
dignation and fresh zeal into the Americans. Troops, espe- 
cially from New-England, rushed forward to the seat of the 
war. The sanguinary course of Burgoyne was first arrested 
at Bennington, where a body of American troops, princi- 
pally the Grcen-mountain-boys, were stationed, under the 
command of Gen. AVarner. The object of Burgoyne, in 
making an attack at that place, was to seize a quantity of 
American stores. For this purpose, Col. Baum was sent 
with a detachment. But before Baum's arrival. Gen. Stark 
was on the ground with a reinforcement of one thousand 
men from New-Hampshire. Baum finding himself in a 
critical condition, sent to Burgoyne for a reinforcement. Col. 
Breyman was dispatched to his relief. Before Breyman's 
arrival, an engagement took place, which resulted in a sig- 
nal victory to the Americans. Baum was mortally wound- 
ed. Breyman, not hearing of the defeat, had advanced too 
far to retreat. His detachment met with a similar defeat. 
In these two engagements, the British lost from six to eight 
hundred men. The result inspired new energy into the 
Americans. But they were destined to another disaster be- 
fore the signal triumph. A body of one thousand men was 
dispatched to extend relief at Fort Stauwich, besieged by 
the enemy. The British General being informed of this 
movement, sent a parly of regulars, and a large number of 
Indians to lie in ambush in the woods. The stratagem suc- 
ceeded. The Americans were surprised, and lost half of 
their number. This was another atrocity to arouse indig- 
nation. It was a fresh rallying stimulus. Armed at every 
point against Burgoyne, victory or death was now the 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 73 

decisive resolve of the Americans. On the 19th day of 
Sept. the British army arrived at Stillwater, The battle 
commenced at three in the afternoon, and continued till af- 
ter sun set. The whole force of the enemy was brought 
into the action, which was contested on both sides with the 
utmost determination and vigor. The loss, on the part of 
the enemy, as nearly as we can ascertain, was not much 
short of eight hundred men, and on our part much less. 
The result was decidedly in our favor, although the enemy 
retained the field. Our forces were constantly augmenting, 
and the enemy's diminishing. The Savages about this 
time, broke away from the unholy alliance. Burgoyne re- 
treated to Saratoga. The decisive blow was then, in human 
probability, to be struck. The British were hemmed in on 
every side. The last battle was fought with desperation on 
the part of the enemy. Burgoyne led on the charge in 
person, and was in the hottest of the engagement. It was 
the last struggle of a falling enemy. He was able, after 
this engagement, to retreat to his camp, but his condition 
was hopeless. Guarded on every side by the Americans, 
and no prospect of relief, his provisions for his army were 
now limited to three days. It was reduced in number from 
eleven thousand to about four thousand and five hundred. 
Capitulation was his last resort. Although the conduct of 
the British northern army was in many respects revolting 
to humanity, especially the employment of savages, the 
terms were by no means rigorous. It was in the highest 
degree humiliating to a British army to ground their arras. 
To such an act it was compelled to submit. Gen. Gates' 
conduct, on the occasion, was marked with a high sense of 
honor and humanity. Wisdom and prudence were clearly 
manifested in his course, in the accomplishment of so tri- 
umphant a result. The victory was hailed with rapture 
throughout the country. It was the turning point in our 
destiny, and a bright omen of final triumph. We have 
taken pains to ascertain facts, in relation to this campaign, 

7 



74 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

and believe our sketch to be substantially correct. A re- 
membrance of such events is due lo our ancestors. 

Mr. Walker lield the rank of Lieutenant in the Revolution- 
ary war. He was also in the battle at White Plains. 

An incident of thrilling interest, frequently related by 
Mr. Walker, occurred during some period of his services, in 
the French war. He, with a party returning home, in the 
winter season, mistook the way in the wilderness. They 
wandered about day after day, till their provisions were ex- 
hausted. Reduced almost to starvation, they were com- 
pelled to subsist for a while, on the flesh of their dogs. 
Providentially they were saved from perishing with hunger. 

Having devoted the prime of his life to the service of his 
Country, the remainder was filled up with usefulness, as a 
townsman, a citizen, and a christian. 

As Lieut. Walker, and a number of others, belonging to 
Sturbridge, bore arms in what is called the French war, we 
invite the reader, passing over about a century of our his- 
tory, to glance at our condition, at that period. He may 
well suppose the Colonics had a suflicient complication of 
difficulties to encounter, without the super-addition of the 
horrors of war. Wo do not purpose to go into details. From 
1755 to 1763, the heaviest share of the burden of this pro- 
tracted contest devolved upon the Colonies. It appears, at 
one juncture, a levy was made upon them of 9000 men. 
The marches and encampments were mostly in a track- 
less wilderness, and frequently during the rigors of win- 
ter. Disasters and discouragements attended the move- 
ments of the British forces during the former portion of this 
period. Braddock'sdofeat is well remembered. Another par- 
ty of about twelve hundred men, under thecommand of Col. 
Ephrnim Williams, of Dcerficld, was attacked by a detach- 
ment lying in ambush. A great slaughter ensued. Col. 
Williams and a number of other oflicers, falling in the con- 
flict. The campaign of 1756 proved a failure. Among 



STUEBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGB. 75 

Other uufortLinate results, the fall of the Fort, at Oswego, 
was considered pecuharly so. The possession of the Fort by 
the enemy gave them the entire command of Lakes Ontario 
and Erie. The attack on the Fortress at Ticonderoga was 
ill-conducted, and peculiarly disastrous in its effects. The 
British abandoned the enterprise after a loss of about 2000 
men, killed and wounded. All history illustrates the im- 
portance of having the right men at the head of public af- 
fairs. As soon as Lord Chatham became the ruling spirit, 
they presented a new and cheering aspect. Energy and 
forecast, soon characterised the military operations. Cheer- 
ing hopes succeeded despondency. A series of successful 
operations were ultimately crowned with the memorable vic- 
tory on the plains of Abraham. Wolf is justly entitled to 
imperishable fame as a general. The difficulties overcome 
in reaching the battle-ground, have few, if any parallel on 
record. No wonder that Montcalm was taken by surprise ; 
for the event was probably as unexpected, as would have 
been the descent of an army from the upper regions. 

Sixteen years of the period, between 1755 and 1783, the 
Colonists were compelled to submit to the hardships and 
devastations of war. The arts and blessings of peace were 
almost entirely suspended during that period. No improve- 
ments in agriculture, none in mechanics. The instruction of 
the rising generation, literature and the sciences, were almost 
entirely neglected. We might add, as not the least of the 
evils of war, its pernicious influence on moral character. 
The French war, in one point of view, was beneficial to the 
Colonists. It better prepared them to assert their rights, 
and to meet those forces soon to be arrayed against them, 
with which they had long acted in concert. Washington, 
at the commencement of this war, at the age of twenty one, 
gave unequivocal indications of fulure greatness, should 
opportunities be presented, for a fuller developement of his 
extraordinary powers. Putnam was trained in this school 



76 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

of hardy discipline, early exhibiting his sterling, and indom- 
itable traits of character. 

It undoubtedly laid the foundation, lor liie lasting repu- 
tation of many other officers, which was more fully ma- 
tured, in the Revolutionary conflict. And we may add, as 
the most weighty consideration, it was a school for a noble 
host of soldiery, which might be gathered from every quar- 
ter, ready to take the front rank, in the contest. Although 
at the commencement of the French war, a period of only 
seventeen years had elapsed from the incorporation of the 
town, we have found the names of twelve individuals, who 
bore arms in this war. 

Mr. JAMES JOHNSON, the falher of Mr. James Johnson, 
who is still living, enlisted, at the age of fifteen years, and 
served either five, or seven years. Being disenabled by 
lameness, soon after he entered into the revolutionary army, 
his country was deprived of his services afterward in the 
field. Mr. Johnson has furnished the names of the Captains, 
under whom his father served, in the French war. They 
are as follows, viz : — Capt. Durumple, of Uxbridge, in 1756, 
Capt. Spring, of Sudbury, in 1757, Capt. Burt, of Brim- 
field, in 1758, Capt. Baldwin, of Brookfield, in 1759, Capt. 
Field, of Western, in 1760, and subsequently, under Capt. 
Newell, of Leicester. Mr. Johnson selected for a farm, a 
tract of unbroken forest, which he subdued to purposes of 
husbandry, and on which he resided till his death. He was 
a large man, very erect, and of great muscular power. 

James Johnson, senior, and Comfort Johnson, were broth- 
ers. 

Mr. ELEAZKR HOWARD, the father of Dr. Howard, 
whose character we have sketched, bore arms in the French 
war. Mr. Johnson is of the opinion, that Mr. Howard was 
in this war. most of the time, during its continuance. He 
too, was one of the early settlers of Sturbridge, and was a 
respectable man, and a useful townsman. He resided in 
the southern part of the town. Since writing the above. 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 77 

we have been informed, Mr. Howard bore arms for a con- 
siderable length of time in the Revolutionary war. He was 
in the several engagements which terminated in the surren- 
der of Burgoyne. 

Gen. timothy NEWELL. 
Gen. Newell was born at Needham, in 1742. He re- 
moved in early life to Sturbridge, where he followed the 
trade of a whee'l-wright during a number of years. After- 
wards he was extensively concerned in agricultural and mer- 
cantile business. Decidedly in favor of the independence 
of America, he embarked with energy in the struggle, to 
efl^ct it. In 1774, the town records show that Capt. New- 
ell, Capt. Crafts, and Capt. Parker, devoted much of their 
time to the discipline of their companies. The Rev. Mr. 
Paine, on an appointed occasion, in a powerful and ani- 
mated address, urged upon them the necessity of prepara- 
lion for the approaching conflict. A determined state of 
feeling is clearly indicated by such movements. Gen. New- 
ell entered the service as Brigade Major. How long he was 
in the army, we have no records to ascertain, but whatever 
his position, his heart and hands were in the work. It was 
characteristic of the man not to shrink from any undertak- 
ing^, which duty prompted him to prosecute. His mind was 
stored with an ample fund of varied information, in relation 
to the revolution, and he was always in readiness, to entertain 
and edify the hearer. He was Major General of the Militia, 
at a period when that rank was held in marked distinction. 
He possessed powers equal to the discharge of high and re- 
sponsible trusts, and when brought into action, never fell 
below expectation. He was the last man that could be cn- 
cumvented, or entrapped by any artful project. He deserves 
notice, in connection with the Shay's insurrection. This 
was one of the most thrilling periods in the history of the 
Commonwealth, and a test of firmness of character, and cor- 

7# 



78 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

rect principles, in favor of law and government. It is be- 
yond a doubt, there were causes for discontent, and equally 
so, for stern self-denial. The war had exhausted the re- 
sources of the country, involved a vast multitude in debt, 
and left littlejelse besides the naked soil. Designing and 
ambitious men were not wanting to inflame the public mind. 
They succeeded in arousing it to an alarming pitch. A re- 
sort to arms was the painful result. Neighbor was arrayed 
against neighbor, and the Commonwealih, for a while, ex- 
hibited not a faint resemblance of the horrors of a civil war- 
Courts of Justice were besieged with armed soldiery, and 
forbidden to execute the laws. There is no doubt that 
there was great indiscretion, in very many instances, in at- 
tempting to enforce the payment of debts, where there was 
nothing to meet them, and against men too, who had ex- 
hausted their means, in defence of their country. Taxes 
likewise were extremely onerous. 'I'hese were some of the 
causes of complaint which prepared the way for violent re- 
sistance. Reason had lost its ascendency. The opposition 
did not look upon the state of things, as a common calam- 
ity, in which all were involved. They had fought and 
bled together, and had obtained the object of their joint tri- 
als and sacrifices. Sacrifices were still to be made. It was 
the duty of the opposition toco-operate in measures to effect, 
if possible, a better state of things. They ought to have 
foreseen that its accomplishment must be gradual. This, 
in short, was a juncture, in this Commonwealth, as we have 
observed, which brought to a severe test, law, order, and 
republican principles. Gen. Newell had no hesitancy as to 
the path of duty. He was called upon to take the field as 
Major General, to quell the insurrection. His conduct 
throughout this anxious crisis, was firm and discreet, and 
evinced his fitness 'for the responsible position he occupied. 
Gen. Lincoln was the first in command, but, for some rea- 
sons not remembered, Gen. Lincoln's duties devolved on Gen. 
Newell. Gen. Shepard's conduct was also marked with 



STUEBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 79 

great prudence and skill. The result was, a signal triumph 
of law and order over rashness and folly. 

Mr. Job Hamant Jr. and Obed Walker, volunteered in 
behalf of government. Mr. Hamant related one of the 
movements of the contending forces. Shays made a lodg- 
ment at Springfield, Soon learning that the government 
troops were approaching that place, he decamped in a cold 
stormy night, for Petersham. The snow was deep, and 
the march tedious. After reaching Petersham, greatly fa- 
tigued, they were endeavoring to take some refreshment 
and repose; but the government troops, making no delay at 
Springfield, were upon the heels of Shays, and surprised 
him ibefore he had much time to rest. He and his men 
were thrown into great confusion, and fled in every direc- 
tion. This incident shows that the Insurgents did not 
abound in courage. 

Probably there never was an insurrection which threat- 
ened such disastrous consequences, suppressed with so 
much skill, so little shedding of blood, and so effectually. 
It was the first, and it is to be hoped, the last in this Com- 
monwealth. 

Gen. Newell discharged with ability the duties of senator, 
and member of the Governor's council. 

He was, what is -commonly denominated, a self-taught 
man. Possessing a mind fitted for extensive business and 
intellectual acquisitions, he spared no pains to improve it. 
Few men have accomplished so much. Every thing im- 
portant in relation to the Revolution was at his command, 
and was a theme of instructive and cheering interest to 
those who listened to his conversation. As the strength of 
our republican government had been pretty thoroughly 
tested, he was decided in the belief, that it would be perpet- 
uated. An advocate for improvement, he saw in prospect 
great changes in this respect. Although an admirer of 
Washington, he belonged to the Jeffersonian school in poli- 
tics. He felt with Washington, that the Union should be 



80 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

cherished, and that nothing, for a moment, should be toler- 
ated, wliich would tend toj endanger it. He observed, "it 
affords me great satisfaction to leave my children under 
such a government as ours." He well knew what it had 
cost. He was, in person, tall, rather slender, and possessed 
a striking countenance, which could not fail to command 
respect. His whole appearance exhibited, at once, a man 
of no common firmness and decision of character. His old- 
est daughter married Thomas Upham, Esq. a gentleman of 
high respectability, and of a distinguished family. Mr. 
Upham, for many years, was largely concerned in mercan- 
tile business, in tSturbridge, and several times represented 
the town in the General Court. Another daughter married 
Dr. Ephraim Allen, a graduate of Harvard. Another mar- 
ried Dr. Abraham Allen, whose character is briefly sketched 
in this work. Another daughter married Samuel Allen, Esq. 
of Worcester, long well known as County Treasurer, a gen- 
tleman of unrivalled punctuality and method, not only in his 
official trusts, but in all the concerns of life. Mr. Allen 
sustained the purest character. Another married John 
Kennedy, a merchant, in the State ofNew-York. Another, 
Mr. Reynolds, who was a printer. The youngest daughter 
married Mr. Savage, who was chief Justice of the Supreme 
Court, of the State of New-York. Another, married the 
Rev. Dr. Ely of Monson, well known as a distinguished di- 
vine. The character and accomplishments of these eight 
daughters, may be inferred from the standing of the men 
with whom they were connected. Gen. Newell buried his 
only son at the age of 20, soon after he had received the 
honors of Harvard University. He belonged to a class, 
distinguished for eminent men. He was an excellent scho- 
lar, and of great promise. With so slender health, and 
such unremitted mental exercise, it is rather extraordina- 
ry that Gen. Newell should have reached the age of 76. 
His protracted life must be ascribed, in a great degree, to 
his temperate habits, and regularity of diet. He died Feb. 
5th, 1819. 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 81 

OBED WALKER— Mr. Walker was in the Revolution- 
ary war, about six months, and at West-Point, when the 
defection of Arnold occurred. Mr. Joshua Hyde was there 
at the same time. As we have heard Mr. Walker speak 
more particularly of that event than any other individual, 
we shall narrate sonle facts in relation to it. The thrilling 
developement that Arnold had fled, spread rapidly among 
the troops, and produced a very deep sensation. The as- 
tonished enquiry was made, what does this mean ! Very 
soon, Washington was on the ground. Removed with rapid- 
ity in examining the state of things. On examination of the 
guns, he found they were spiked. Other discoveries devel- 
oped more and more the nefarious plot. He ordered every 
thing to be done which the emergency demanded. The 
actors and the treason soon came to light. It was concerted 
by Arnold and Maj. Andre, on the bank of the Hudson, 
under the cover of night. Immediately after the plot was 
concerted, Andre was arrested by three militiamen, with the 
fatal papers in his possession. He so managed as to give 
notice of his detention to Arnold, that he might have an op- 
portunity to flee. All this very soon reached the ears of 
Washington, whose unexpected return from Rhode-Island, 
seemed to be a striking interposition of Divine Provi- 
dence, Andre was brought to trial before a tribunal in 
every respect competent to investigate and pass judgment 
upon a transaction full of momentous consequences. Gen. 
Greene was at the head of this tribunal. Andre's bear- 
ing was elevated, and peculiarly calculated to enlist sympa- 
thy. He frankly acknowledged the facts, but denied the 
imputation of a spy. He alleged that he was within the 
American lines, contrary to his knowledge, or intention ; 
that he acted as an agent in agreeing to the proposals of 
7\rnold, and that all this was compatible with the rules of 
honorable warfare. His judges after a long and patient 
hearing, arrived at the conclusion, that he was a spy, and 
passed sentence upon him as such. Every effort was made 



82 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

by the British, that human ingenuity could devise, to avert 
the doom of Andie. He was respected, and loved almost to 
adoration, lie promised high and extensive usefulness. 
Washington, after weighing the subject in all its momentous 
bearings, arrived at the conclusion that he ought not to in- 
terpose in attempting to arrost the execution of the sentence. 
We cannot see any valid reason why Andre's request should 
not have been granted, as to the mode of his execution. He 
deemed it more honorable to be shot, than to be hung. 
Tiie English historian, uniformly, excepting in the case of 
Andre, speaks in high terms of Washington. There is evi- 
dently an intention, in some instances to contrast his con- 
duct with that of their own commanders, that his su- 
periority may more strikingly appear. His language, in 
regard to Andre, is, " future ages will regard the death of 
Andre as a dark spot in the bright character of the Ameri- 
can General." We cannot believe this prediction has been, 
or will be so fulfilled, in view of an impartial world. Andre 
had been tried and condemned by a competent tribunal. 
Washington discovered no sutiicient reason why he should 
attempt to arrest the execution of the sentence. It is to be 
considered that this was a very critical period in the revo- 
lutionary conflict. There had been, on the part of the 
Americans, almost unparalleled privations and perils. The 
resources of the country were greatly exhausted. Although 
the spirit of liberty had not abated, discontent would break 
out under such accumulated sutForings. This was a junc-- 
ture when the enemy might well suppose that they might 
strike a blow which would be fatal. The projrct, if carried 
into elfect, would have been tremendous in its consequen- 
ces. It contemplated the possession of the most important 
post of the Americans, the capture of a great portion of her 
artillery, magazines and stores, and the destruction, or sur- 
render of her best oflicers, and all the Northern Army. An- 
dre was one of the projectors of lliis mighty scheme, involv- 
ing the sacrifice of such a fearful amount of life and proper- 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 83 

ty. He knew, at the same time, that he was making such 
a detestible bargain with a traitor, as might well be com- 
pared to the conspiracy of Catihne. No exigency or cir- 
cumstances can excuse, or paliate, either party, in treach- 
ery, especially, treachery of so odious a character. Even 
a Roman Senate, not favored with the light of Christianity, 
did not countenance treacherous projects for the destruction 
of the life, or property of their enemies. Although the plot 
involved consequences so enormous and appalling ; Andre 
was an object of universal interest and sympathy. But 
those men, who held in their hands the destiny of America, 
must be governed, in their high and solemn responsibility, 
by considerations of higher moment than sympathy. An 
example must speak, in notes, not to be misunderstood. 

West Point exhibits to the observer the most beautiful 
and sublime scenery. The parade ground is a spacious 
area, admirably adapted to its present use. The buildings 
are in fine style, and the grounds about them, laid in the 
best taste, ornamented with trees, and other natural and ar- 
tificial beauties. Here the visitor is richly rewarded in 
viewing military evolutions, and the various attractions 
around him. From the parade ground your course is an 
abrupt ascent, about a mile, to Fort Putnam, situated on the 
highest elevation. Here are the ruins of the old Fort. It 
revives the most thrilling reminiscences. Here was Wash- 
ington, and Greene, and Putnam, and Lafayette. Here 
was that brave, patriotic, self-denying band of soldiers, 
gathered from every portion of the Country. Here too was 
Arnold, the traitor. Tlie view around you is almost unsur- 
passed in beauty and grandeur, and admirably in keeping 
with the thoughts which it awakens. The memorable ac- 
tors and memorable events, which were here witnessed 
more than three quarters of a century ago, seem but yester- 
day. On these great thoroughfares spread before you, what 
an astonishing and cheering change is now witnessed ! 



84 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

Mr. Walker was industrious, and of economical habits ; 
plain in dress and manners, and honest and frank in his 
intercourse with others. He was a son of Lieut. Nathaniel 
Walker, who we have elsewhere stated, was in the French 
and Revolutionary wars. Obed Walker died March 9th, 
1850, aged 88. 

ITHAMAR MERRIFIELD.— Mr. Merri field drew a full 
pension, consequently he must have been in active service 
during a great portion of the revolutionary conflict. We 
have often heard him dwell upon the events of that period 
with deep interest. He was in a number of engagements. 
There is no doubt he was a brave soldier, and would not 
flinch to storm a fort or meet an enemy in any form. Short 
in stature, of a dark complexion, he possessed a constitution 
fitted to endure great hardship. He was not at all partic- 
ular as to the appearance of his habitation or furniture, or 
as to his dress, or what he ate or drank, or how, or where 
he slept. He was very economical in all his habits, but 
a little inclined occasionally to be exhilarated by artificial 
expedients. Notwithstanding his apparent disregard of any 
degree of refinement, he possessed tender and kind feelings, 
and was ever ready to perform acts of kindness. 

Ithamar Merrifield was one of the men who encountered 
the perils and hardships incident o the achievement of our 
independence. He lived to the advanced age of 81. 

Mr. SILAS DUNTON.— The writer was well acquainted 
with Silas Dunton, and had frequent conversations with him 
in relation to his services as a soldier of the Revolution. He 
drew about half pay as a pensioner. He possessed a very 
firm constitution, and lived to the age of 80. He was an 
industrious and an honest man. He was the father of Dea. 
Zenas Dunton, well known as one of the best of men, not 
only as a burning light in the church, but in all the rela- 
tions of life. We remember \vcll his filial attention to the 
father, and his unremitted care and watchfulness over him 
in his last distressing sickness. The father deserves re- 



STRUBBIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 85 

membrance as a veteran of the Revolution, and the son as a 
bright model for imitation. Silas Dnnton died in 1840, in 
the 80th year of his age. 

ABEL MASON, Esq.— Mr. Mason was one of the strong 
men of the •Revolution. We could cheerfully give a more 
protracted sketch of his character than is in agreement with 
our plan. We have not the evidence of showing how long, 
or where his revolutionary services were exerted. We 
believe he bore a part in that stirring campaign, which re- 
sumed in the surrender of Burgoyne. He held the command 
of Captain. Those under him, always spoke of him in 
terms of love and high respect. Wherever Capt. Mason 
led the way, all would cheerfully follow. He was, in every 
respect, the man for those times, and for all other times. He 
was extensively engaged as a farmer during life, and al- 
ways exerted a good influence around him. Gen. Brooks, 
when elevated to the executive chair, remembered his old 
companion in arms, and, unsolicited by any one, sent Capt. 
Mason a commission of Justice of the peace. A consistent 
and decided christian character, crowned his other sterling 
virtues. Were such qualifications essential recommenda- 
tions for public trusts, at the present day, public affairs 
would present a very different aspect. With plain, unas- 
suming, and agreeable manners, were united firmness, and 
a sound judgment. Capt. Mason was in person tall, of a 
light complexion, not fleshy, muscular, and well propor- 
tioned. In the investigation of the characters of the men of 
the Revolutionary war, there will appear a peculiar fitness 
for the exigency of the times. 

Since writing the above, a grandson has favored us with 
some interesting facts. Capt. Mason was in the French 
war, one campaign, and in the war of the Revolution, about 
two years. We have alluded in another place, to the uni- 
versal spirit of resistance which was excited by the move- 
ments of Burgoyne. Capt. Mason, with his company, 
reached the battle ground immediately after the siu'render. 

8 



86 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

His father was one of the first settlers of the town. The 
Legislature required, before an act of incorporation would be 
granted, the erection ofa certain number of dwelling-houses. 
The father of Capt. Mason built one, which remained until 
a few years since. Truly a venerable relic. The estate of 
the original proprietor, has descended in a direct line, to the 
fourth generation, and in the name of Masou. "Sir. Oliver 
Mason, the present proprietor, holds it by a sure and very 
honorable title. Capt. Mason died at the age of 94. 

DENNISON WHEELOCK.— Mr.Wheelockdrew a pcn- 
.sion for three or four several periods of revolutionary ser- 
vice. He had a brother, Ralph, who was also in the ser- 
vice. How long Ralph was in the service, we have not 
been able to ascertain. He also drew a pension. They 
were sons of Capt. Ralph Wheelock, who was one of the 
early settlers in Sturbridge. More than forty years ago, we 
remember Capt. Wheelock, then of great age, possessing the 
physical and mental vigor of a man, in middle life. His 
mind was stored, with many interesting facts in relation to 
the early settlement of the town. We remember he spoke 
of the constancy of attendance on public worship, and that 
neither weather nor distance was an insuperable obstacle. 
Capt. Wheelock married a daughter of Mr. James Dennison, 
the first settler of that part of the town where Capt. Whee- 
lock resided. 

Maj. ASA COBURN.— Maj. Coburn, another son of Stur- 
bridge, embarked heart and hand in the revolutionary move- 
ments. Possessing energy of character, and llie requisite 
qualifications for an officer, he no doubt distinguished him- 
self as vsuch. Holduig the rank of Captain when he entered 
the service, he was promoted to that of Major. We regret 
our limited information in regard to particulars of his mili- 
tary career. We should be glad to notice some of the 
thrilling scenes in which he must have been an actor. 
Those who could furnish the desired facts have passed to 
their rest. A very aged townsman informs the writer, that 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 87 

Maj. Coburii was one of the early promoters of the revoki- 
tionary movements. He recollects when he entered the 
army, and that after he had been for a considerable period 
in active service, he took his son, Phineas, into the army. 
He states further, that Maj. Coburn was in the army most 
of the time during the war, and Phineas, about three years. 
We thus see he was not an indifferent co-worker in the 
good cause. The army furnished many instances of father 
and son in its ranks. They are a striking manifestation of 
the spirit of the times, and, an unflinching determination to 
accomplish the great end in view. Maj. Coburn removed 
into the State of Ohio, at what period of time, we are not 
informed. 

Dr. EBENEZER PHILLIPS.— Dr. Phillips, a brother 
of Dea. John Phillips, was born in Sturbridge, on the old 
paternal homestead, which Dea. Phillips still occupies. The 
Doctor was a soldier of the Ptevolution. His services em- 
braced four distinct periods. He, like many others, must 
have been a mere lad at that time. He was a skilful phy- 
sician, and a very worthy man. His professional business 
was not confined to Charlton, which was his residence, but 
was sought in the adjacent towns. In the department of 
obstetrics, he possessed superior skill, and was extensively 
employed in cases of this sort. In many instances where 
the skill of others was baffled, he extended relief. He re- 
ceived a pension for several years. 

BENJAMIN HUMPHREY.— Mr. Humphrey bore arms, 
most of the time, during the war. He was reputed to be a 
good soldier. Being limited as to his means of a livelihood, 
his pension was a grateful relief, in the last years of his life. 
Although Mr. Humphrey was a poor man, he possessed the 
valuable reputation of having devoted his early manhood to 
his country. He lived to an advanced age. Since writing 
the above, we are informed that Mr. Humphrey was a na- 
tive of Brookfield, and probably entered the service while a 



88 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

resident of that town. If so, he settled in Sturbridge in 
early hfe, where he hved till his deatii. 

THOMAS YOUNG. — We are not in possession of such 
facts as will enable us to give a particular account of Mr. 
Young's revolutionary services. Dea. Phillips recollects 
that Mr. Young resided in Sturhri^lge when he entered the 
army, and is of opinion tiiat his military services were not 
of short duration. 

ABIJAH HYDE.— Mr. Hyde belonged to Capt. Co- 
burn's company, and was in the army two and a half years. 
He died in the service of his country, of the small pox, in 
Canada. He was a native of Sturbridge, and brother of 
Joshua Hyde. 

HENRY CLARK was in the service, the same length of 
time, two and a half years. He was also in Capt. Coburn's 
company, and died in Canada of the small pox. 

LEMUEL HYDE was in the army. How long, we 
have not been able to ascertain. 

Capt. CLARK, as wc arc informed by Dea. Phillips, was 
in the army one campaign. 

TIMOTHY SMITH\vas in the army eight months, and 
perhaps longer. 

MOSES SMITH was in the service about three years. 
As he must have encountered many perils and hardships 
during so long a period, it would be gratifying, if possessed 
of facts, to speak of him more particularly. 

NATHAN SMITH was in the army at several different 
periods. "When and where, we are unable to state. 

JOSIAH PARTRIDGE was in the service. How long, 
we are unable to state. 

JOHN GOSS was in the service eight months or more. 
STEPHEN DRAPER was in the French war four or 
five years. The writer recollects very well of having had 
several conversations with Mr. Draper in relation to his mil- 
itary services. He was then an old man, exhibiting the 
marks of a veteran, and of one who would not shrink from a 



STURBEIDGB AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 89 

conflict, in the battle field. His courage had more than 
once been tested by actual experiment. He was one of the 
number who came in early life from Medfield to this town. 
He was the father of Jacob and George Draper. Mr. Dra- 
per's wife was a sister of Mrs. David Wight, to whom we 
have particularly alluded in this work. 

Lieut. NATHANIEL WALKER was for a considerable 
length of time in the French war. We have spoken of him 
in another place. 

JOSIAH WALKER, a brother of Nathaniel, was also 
a soldier in the French war. He was the father ofCapt. 
Perez Walker, I 

ABEL MASON, Esq. was also in the French war, of 
whom we have spoken in another place. 

PfflNEAS WALKER, another brother, was in the 
French war. 

THOMAS BOYDEN, who resided in the southerly part 
of the town, was a number of years in the French war, and 
probably a longer period in the Revolutionary war. We are 
informed by Dea. Elias Holbrook, that when a lad, he had 
often heard Eleazer Howard, his grandfather, and Mr. Boy- 
den converse together in reference to their services in those 
wars. They used to talk over, and dwell particularly, on 
the battles, in which each had been engaged. Mr. Howard 
was a farmer, and the possessor of a handsome estate. Mr. 
Boyden was poor, and supported his family as a day la- 
borer. We have spoken of Mr. Howard in another place. 
He was one of the original settlers in the southerly part of 
the town. 

GEORGE WATKINS, mentioned in another place as 
one of the first settlers, bore arms in the French war. The 
duration of his services we are unable to state. 

ASAHEL CLARK was in the French war. 

Also ELIJAH CARPENTER. 

Also BENJAMIN FELTON, 

Also THOMAS BOYDEN, and ELEAZER HOWARD. 
8* 



90 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

ICHABOD ROBBINS was ia the Revolutionary war 
about three years. So long a period, thus devoted to the 
service of his country, demands a more particular narration 
than we are able to give. 

ELI ROBBINS, a brother of Ichabod, was also in the 
service. How long, we cannot state. 

BEN.TAMIN DIX was a while in the army. 

SAMUEL MORSE, the father of Capt. Lyman Morse, 
was in the revolutionary service, at least three months, in 
the state of New-Jersy. Lyman succeeded to a portion of 
the real estate where his father settled. 

ISAAC UPHAM was one of the minute men. In the 
midst of his haying, he was warned to march at a minute's 
notice. He quit his scythe, buckled on his armor, and 
was instantly off for the battle-field. That thrilling period 
was marked with many such instances. His neighbors 
kindly volunteered their services, in finishing his haying, 
and in harvesting his grain. 

JONATHAN UPHAM was in the service at several dif- 
ferent periods. The writer aided him in obtaining a pen- 
sion. He resided during many years in the southern part 
of the town. He was an honest and worthy man. He, like 
many others, who had served their country faithfully, was 
dependent on the daily labor of liis hands for a frugal sub- 
sistence, 

A colored man, who lived with Capt. Timothy Parker, 
was in the army during the last of the war, and died in the 
service. He was commonly called PRIMUS. 

WILLIAM SIMPSON was a while in the Revolutionary 
war. He resided in that part of Sturbridge, now called 
Southbridge. 

BENJAMIN HOBBS was in hiunble circumstances, an 
industrious and hard laboring man. He served during the 
Revolutionary war, and the war of 1812. Frequently has 
he related to the writer some of the thrilling events of his 
life, especially his feeling and conduct in batlloB. He ob- 



STtJRBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 91 

served that on the near approach of the enemy, and the 
preparations for the engagement, he could not avoid some 
trepidation. But as soon as he was warmly engaged, all 
such feelings vanished, and he thought of nothing but 
to discharge his duty to the utmost of his ability. The 
martial music, the vollies of musketry, the roaring of can- 
non, the flying balls, sometimes piercing his clothes, the 
dead, the dying around him, all served to nerve him mor6 
fiercely for the conflict. In the rage of the battle, and ra- 
pidity of the movements, he was compelled frequently to 
rash over those who had fallen, without a moments time to 
affoid them relief But when the struggle was over, and 
its heart-rending eflects spread out before him, how changed 
were his emotions ! Officers, soldiers, horses, and all the 
instruments of death, almost literally covered the battle 
ground ! He remarked, the poor brave fellows lay there 
steeped in blood, and some of them my comrades ! You 
cannot think how I felt. The sad work was then to be 
performed as quickly as possible, of preparing and consign- 
ing them to their rude graves. Not to dwell any longer on 
this revolting scene, Mr. Hobbs was ft\miliar with the 
names and appearance of a great portion of the officers of 
the Revolution, Vfashiugton he saw daily, and not unfre- 
quently lady Washington. The soldiers would humorously 
remark. Lady Washington is to inspect us to day with the 
General, our tents must be neat, every thing in good order, 
and we must show ourselves off to tlie best advantage. 
This circumstance is noticed as evidence of the influence of 
that lady, and the respect in which she was held. Mr. 
Hobbs, in person, was thick, strong, athletic, and capable of 
enduring great and protracted hardship. This sketch is 
cheerfully made of him as a brave soldier, who served his 
country long and faithfully. No monument marks the 
spot where sleep his ashes. This is certainly unwarranta- 
ble neglect. Since the above was written, we have been in- 
formed that he was a native of Charlton, and while residing 



92 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

there, enlisted into the service. He married in Sturbridge, 
and settled in the latter town immediately after the close of 
the war. 

MARK STACY was in the service eight months at Rox- 
bury. 

SILAS MARSH.— Mr. Marsh was one of the strong 
men of the Revolution, fitted to sustain, as well as any man, 
those long and severe hardships to which he was subjected 
as a soldier. His life was periled in a number of engage- 
ments. The writer inquired of him, when viewing the ev- 
olutions of the militia assembled for muster, whether they 
did not bring to his mind revolutionary scenes. He ob- 
served, " very vividly. "We were drilling in that way 
almost daily, when not in actual service. "We were then 
preparing to meet the enemy marching over the land with 
strong armed forces. A great change has taken place 
since that day. Those young men are not now expecting 
every day, and perhaps every hour, to be summoned into 
the midst of flying balls, where one half of them might be 
cut down in a lew hours. I hope they never may be 
brought into such trials. Our Independence was obtained, 
at the expense of many a hard fought battle, and an un- 
told amount of anxieties and hardships. Men do not ap- 
pear to put a just estimate on the blessings which have 
resulted from it." 

Mr. Marsh was a hard laboring man^ Although exem- 
plary in his habits, and deportment, he felt the need of 
Bomething more than a moral life. This was manifested in 
a deep interest in religion, some eight or ten years before 
his death. The veteran of the Revolution, united with a 
large number, in the morning of life, in making a public 
profession of his faith. He observed, " I can look back and 
see the hand of Providence, in my hair's breadth escapes.'" 
He was confined to his bed, by a paralytic shock, for some 
two years, before his death. The confinement was borne 
with christian resignation. 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 93 

He died on the third day of June, 1836, in the S9th year 
of his age. 

BENJAMIN HYDE, the father of Joshua Hyde, bore 
arms in the French war, and also in the war of the Revohi- 
tion. We should be glad to state his services more in de- 
tail, had we the desired information. His sons, John and 
Othniel, were in the service about eight months. Of Josh- 
ua we have spoken particularly. Here is another instance 
of the father and three sons taking the field together in the 
struggle for independence. It is a nianifestation of a patri- 
otic spirit, of a high order. Benjamin Hyde senior, had 
twelve children, and, as we are informed, most of them 
lived to advanced life. 

Dea, JOHN PHILLIPS was in the war of the Revolu- 
tion about seven weeks. He is the only survivor (1855,) 
in Sturbridge and Southbridge, of those men who were in 
the service. 

JOSHUA HYDE.— Mr. Hyde was born in Sturbridge, 
and was the son of Benjamin Hyde, who had a large 
family. We shall name his sons who were in the Revolu- 
tionary war. He was in the service during the most criti- 
cal period of the Revolutionary contest. He was one of the 
corps commanded by Gen. Sullivan, who gained such dis- 
tinguished credit in his masterly retreat in Rhode-Island, 
August 1778. Gifted with a very retentive memory, it may 
not be out of place to sketch some important particulars re- 
lated by him With lively interest, and which are in accord- 
ance with historic facts. The retreat was under the cover 
of night, conducted with the utmost caution and stillness, 
and effected by the break of day. This adroit movement 
was no less memorable than a signal victory. The ob- 
ject of Sullivan's expedition was to expel the British 
from Rhode-Island. The expected co-operation of the 
French troops failed. In consequence of this failure, it 
would have been rashness in the extreme, for Sullivan to have 
hazarded an -; ngagement. Finding themselves in this perilous 



94 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

condition, many of Sullivan's troops deserted. Desertion, 
of this sort, of inexperienced troops, was one of the severe 
trials to be encountered. The subject of our sketch was not 
composed of such materials. This was the first attempt at 
co-operation with French troops. It did not at the com- 
mencement, promise very flattering results. Their temper- 
ament, habits and mode of discipline, were totally unconge- 
nial with those of the Americans. The utmost prudence 
was requisite to harmonize such discordant materials. The 
exertions of Washington, with able coadjutors, were eflec- 
tual in allaying the spirit of discontent. The interposition 
of France in our behalf, evidently exasperated the British. 
Their conduct was afterwards marked with cruelties, and 
stratagems totally inconsistent with civilized warfare. One 
or two instances are cited, in confirmation of this remark. A 
regiment of light horse, at Old Tapan, on the North River, 
was surprised, and almost entirely cut off. Another much 
larger body of troops under the command of Pulaski, was 
slaughtered, with the exception of a small remnant, under 
much more aggravating circumstances. Such cruelties 
had the effect of uniting more firmly the Americans, and 
of firing them with a more unyielding spirit of resistance. 
These instances are not cited to revive feelings of resent- 
ment, but to exhibit the influence of the passions, stimulated 
by hostility. Mr. Hyde was at West-Point, at the defec- 
tion of Arnold. Our remarks on that event, are in connec- 
tion with the sketch of Obed Walker. 

The hardships, incident to this period of Mr. Hyde's life, 
without doubt, gave him more vigor of character, and firm- 
ness of physical constitution, and better prepared him for 
the active services of a long life. Not favored with the ad- 
vantages of even a common education, he cheerfully bestow- 
ed them upon his children, and as cheerfully aided in the 
education of the rising generation, and also in the support 
of religious worship. His attendance at church on the Sab- 
bath, was uniform. He expressed to the writer his firm 



STURBRIDGB AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 95 

belief in the necessity of religion. He was plain in his 
manners, economical in his habits, and judicious in his 
calculations. He read very little ; but a good share of com- 
mon sense, and keen observation, enabled him to jndge, 
with a good degree of accuracy, of public men and meas- 
ures. 

He left for his widow and children, a very handsome 
estate, which was the fruit of his own industry and per- 
severance. He died Sept. 8th, 1838, aged 77. 

Benjamin D. Hyde, Esq. who has for many years been 
in the practice of law, is a son of Joshua Hyde. 

The Hon. Emery "Washburn has allowed us to copy his 
sketch of the character of Col. Grafts, from his valuable 
and interesting history of Leicester Academy. 

" CoL. EBENEZER CRAFTS was born in Pomfret, 
Conn. September 3d, 1740, and was graduated at Yale 
College, 1759. Soon after this, he engaged in mercantile 
business in his native town. At the age of twenty two, he 
married Mehitable Chandler, and, soon after, moved to 
Sturbridge, where he continued to pursue the same business 
mVhich he had been engaged, and by attention and assi- 
duity, acquired thereby a large estate. At the commence- 
ment of hostilities, he held the command of a company of 
cavalry, which he had raised and organized, and joined the 
Army with it at Cambridge, in 1775. He remained in the 
service till the British troops evacuated Boston, when he 
returned to Sturbridge, and was soon after elected the Col. 
of a regiment of Cavalry, which office he held till his re- 
moval from the County. At the time of the insurrection, 
known as the "Shay's Rebellion," he marched with a 
body of one hundred men, under Gen. Lincoln, in the win- 
ter of 1786 and 1787, into the western counties, where he 
rendered prompt and essential service in suppressing that 
alarming but ill judged outbreak. With the enlarged and 
patriotic views of Col. Crafts, the importance of educating 
the rising generation early attracted his attention. The 
people were about to assume the solemn trust of self-gov- 



96 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

ernment, and, to do this with success, they should be able 
to understand and appreciate the wants and duties of a free 
people. 

The condition of the common Schools was depressed ; the 
number of public institutions for education was few ; and 
the idea of estabhshing such an institution in this country, 
occupied his thoughts for some time before any measures 
were taken to accomplish it. He, at first, conceived the 
plan of founding an academy in the pleasant village where 
he resided. But the opportunity that presented, as has 
been already stated, for procuring a suitable building in 
Leicester, and the co-operation of Col. Davis in the scheme, 
induced him to direct his efforts to its establishment in 
that place, with the zeal and success which I have already 
had occasion to notice. By his efforts in this, and other be- 
nevolent enterprises, and that general revulsion of businessj 
which after the close of the war, proved so disastrous to 
New-England, he became so much embarrassed in his af- 
fairs, that he was induced to sell his estates here, and re- 
move to Vermont, where he, in company with Gen. New- 
ell, of Sturbridge, had purchased a township of land, a 
few years previous. This took place in the winter of 1790, 
and 1791, and t!ie town, out of respect to its founder, took 
the name of Crafisbnry. In 1792, he resigned his place as 
a trustee of the Academy, up to which time he cherished 
and promoted its interests, and shared in its early struggles, 
against the same difficulties, which were embarrassing his 
own aliairs. In 1786. Col. Crafts was honored with the 
degree of A. M. from Harvard University. 

It is not easy for the present generation to imderstand, 
how new and unbroken was the wilderness into which Col. 
Crafts removed with his family. To the generation that 
was upon the stage a half century ago, it was fatr.iliarly 
known as the " new State," and, towards it, was the foot 
of the emigrant from the older counties in Massachusetts 
directed till that time. Scarce a town in that region, that 



STUEBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 97 

had not more or |ess of its early settlers from the County of 
Worcester, and Col, Crafts had already been preceded by 
Col. Davis at the time of his removal. At that time, there 
was no road opened for more than twenty miles from 
Craftsbury, and, it being winter, the females of his family 
were drawn that distance, upon hand sleds over the snow. 
Here he gathered around him a number of excellent fami- 
lies from Sturbridge and neighboring towns, and a little 
commuuity was formed, of which he was the acknowl- 
edged head. For twenty years, he stood to it in the rela- 
tion of a patriarch, a friend and counsellor, whose intelli- 
gence all understood, and whose friendship and fidelity all 
esteemed. His generous hospitality, his energy of charac- 
ter, his calm dignity, and his pure and christian life, acting, 
as they did, upon a well educated, sympathising commu- 
nity, exerted an influence, and stamped a character upon 
the people, and fortunes of the town he planted, which is 
plainly perceptible to this day. In this he found a ready 
and efficient auxiliary in his son, whom we have mentioned, 
and other members of his own immediate kindred. In this 
community he resided till his death, May 24th, 1810, at the 
age of 70, respected and beloved by a constantly widening 
circle of friends and acquaintance. The academy are in 
possession of an excellent likeness of this founder of the in- 
stitution, from an original portrait formerly in the posses- 
sion of his son, the late Hon. Samuel C. Crafts, in which it 
is not difficult to trace indications of that character that 
distinguished him in the middle and more active period of 
his life. He was a man of great energy and firmness, and, 
though liberal in his views and sentiments, he was inflexi- 
ble in the maintenance of principle, and, with the opportu- 
nities he enjoyed, such a man would not fail to make his 
influence widely felt. 

But it is chiefly of this influence, as connected with this 
institution, that it is proper to speak in this place. As class 
after class of hopeful and edticated young men have gone 

9 



98 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

out from this academy to perform their pa^ts in the various 
departments of hfe, they have unconsciously been his agents 
in disseminating principles, upon the maintenance of M'hich 
depends the permanence and prosperity of the republic it- 
self. And, in paying this brief and humble tribute to his 
memory, it is hoped that it may be regarded in the light of 
meet, though tardy justice to one who conceived and car- 
ried out the plan of founding the institution. His successor 
in the board of trustees was Gen. Timothy Newell." 

Col. Crafts settled in the centre village of Sturbridge. 
The present hotel, which has for more than half a century 
been occupied as a public house, was built by him ; and 
the majestic elms in front, were probably planted by his 
hand. Col. Crafis certainly deserves this record of remem- 
brance by so able a hand. 

Capt. DAVID C(3REY was in the army seven weeks. 
He was a brother of Dr. Jacob Corey, senior. They were 
the sons of Jacob Corey, who resided about a mile north- 
westerly from the centre of the town, on the first Brookfield 
road. David became the proprietor of the real estate of the 
father, where he was born, and resided till his death. The 
father was one of the original settlers. Many of his de- 
scendants have settled in various sections of the country, 
and hold a respectable standing. 

Capt. JOHN BOY DEN.— Capt. Boyden was a revolu- 
tionary soldier. We have no data to determine the time of 
his continuance in the army, but the impression is, that his 
services were not of short duration. He came into Stur- 
bridge, in early life, from Medfield. He was a highly re- 
spected citizen. He went out as Captain of a company, to 
suppress the Shays insurrection. 

BENJAMIN WALKER was in the army about one 
year, and died in the service. 

Lieut. JOHN SALMON was for a considerable length 
of time in the service ; whether in the capacity of an officer, 
or private, we have not been informed. 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 99 

CALVIN MARSH was in the army a short time, and 
died in the service, at Roxbury. 

JOSEPH SHAW was a revolutionary soldier. The time 
of his service was sufficient to enable him to draw a pen- 
sion. 

DANIEL PLIMPTON, a brother of John and Ehas 
Plimpton, was in the army about one year. 

JOSHUA GERROLD was in the army nine months. 
He was a brother of Capt. Gerrold, who resided in the 
southerly part of the town. CJapt. Gerrold was probably in 
the service, but we have not been able to obtain positive in- 
formation on this point. 

NAHUM SMITH was in the Revolutionary war three 
years. The writer assisted Mr. Smith in procuring a pen- 
sion according to the provisions of the first act, limiting the 
pension to those who were needy. Smith appeared before 
Chief Justice Parker to make oath to the declaration of his 
services. We notice this circumstance, because of the inter- 
est the Judge manifested in those men, who had thus served 
their country. He was gratified that provision was made 
for them, and thought that the bounty of the government 
should not be confined exclusively to the needy. Subse- 
quent acts were in accordance with his views, then expressed. 
Mr. Smith was in a number of battles, and was subjected to 
peculiar hardships. 

NATHAN FISKE enlisted into the service at the age of 
sixteen, near the close of the war, and from the best infor- 
mation we can obtain, was in actual service two several 
periods. The writer was well acquainted with Mr. Fiske. 
He was well known to be a very capable man. Habits of 
indulgence, more common in his day, than at present, 
checked his usefulness, for a number of years. He had 
an excellent farm, on Fiske Hill, and was one of the noted 
brotherhood, of that name. 

JOSHUA FISKE, a brother of Nathan, was in the army. 
How long, we have not been able to ascertain. He died in 
the service of his country. 



100 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

ELIPHALET ALLEN was in the Revolutionary war. 
We have not been able to obtain particulars, or the extent 
of his services. 

IIUFUS CLARK was in the Revolutionary war, with 
the exception of short intervals, from its commencement to 
the close. He was in the engagements against Burgoyne, 
and was present at the surrender of the British army. He 
was also present at another surrender, equally memorable, 
at Yorktown. Those two events, Mr. Clark never forgot. 
Well might he often speak of them with laudable pride. 
He received one or two wounds in battle. There is no 
doubt he acted his part faithfully and bravely for his coun- 
try. He was one of the many, who came from -Medfield. 

ELIJAH CARPENTER was in the French war about 
one year. He was also in the Revolutionary service about 
eight months. He was a while at Roxbuvy. 

Capt. timothy PARKER.— We have previously re- 
marked, that by reference to the town records, it will ap- 
pear that Capt. Newell, Capt. Crafts ajid Capt. Parkei;, 
were actively engaged, at an early period," in preparing their 
companies, for the approaching conflict. One of the mili- 
tary regulations of the day, was to keep a portion of the 
militia, called minute-men, in readiness, at short notice, for 
active service. They were considered auxihary to the reg- 
ular establishment, and not so much to be depended upon 
as regular troops. Some of the early engagements prove 
the truth of this remark. A great portion of this kind of 
troops became gradually incorporated with the regular 
forces. Hence the necessity of preparatory discipline. Capt. 
Parker was the commander of one of the companies of min- 
ute men. We are informed by aged men, that he was in 
active service with his company in several campaigns. He 
sustained the reputation of a good ollicer, and a decided pa- 
triot. Some years after the close of the war, he removed to 
the town of Holdcn. The writer recollects very well of 
seeing Capt. Parker several times. He was a man of uuus- 



STTJRBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 101 

iial size, possessing prominent and striking features. His 
whole demeanor exhibited a man who would not be first to 
turn his back to the enemy. Capt. Parker, united with an 
exemplary moral, the christian character. 

JOSEPH CHENEY.—- Mr. Cheney was Lieutenant of a 
company of minute-men. It is presumable this was Capt. 
Parker's company. He was in active service, but we do 
not recollect, nor are we able to collect particulars, in rela- 
tion to his revolutionary services. He was a prominent sup- 
porter of civil and religious institutions. He was hospitable, 
companionable, and always ready to perform acts of kind- 
ness. This venerable man was constantly to be seen in the 
house of public worship. We presume he would not quail 
in scenes of danger, but, if we mistake not, he did not pos- 
sess that high degree of firmness which characterized a 
great portion of the men of the revolution. He died at 
an advanced age. 

SAMUEL SHUMWAY was in actual service about 
one year. He was a thrifty farmer, a useful townsman, and 
an exemplary christian. He died Oct. 2d, 1842, in the 
ninety third year of his age. He bequeathed to the Congre- 
gational Society one hundred dollars. 

ABIJAH SHUMWAY was more than one year in the 
Revolutionary war. He died many years since, leaving a 
widow who until the time of her death, continued to draw 
a pension, on the ground of her husband's services. She 
lived to the advanced age of about 95. 

The Shumways resided in thiat portion of the town called 
Shumway-Hill, where some of the descendants of those rev- 
olutionary men still reside. We can speak of them, in com. 
mendable terms, for their industrious and exemplary habits, 
and christian character. Their grand-father was the first 
settler of the tract which is in possession of the third gener- 
ation, Abijah and Samuel. 

JOHN COREY, a brother of David Corey, was in the 
service about eight months in the year 1776, in the state of 

9* 



102 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

New- York. It was at that dark period of the contest, to 
which we have more than once alUided, and of which we 
have often heard the veterans of the rcvokition speak. 

SAMUEL RICHARDSON was in New- York about the 
same length of time, and probably in the same company 
with John Corey. 

OLIVER PLIMPTON.— How long he was in the ser- 
vice, we cannot speak definitely. He must have been quite 
young. If as prompt and energetic in military duty as he 
was afterwards as a man of business, he sustained the repu- 
tation of a good soldier. Our first acquaintance with him 
was in the year 1811. He was then fully occupied as a 
farmer, and discharged the duties of a magistrate. Possess- 
ing a vigorous mind, and quick apprehension, alihough 
not a lawyer, he generally decided correctly the numerous 
contested suits which were brought before him. He was 
much employed for many years in disposing of actions of 
this sort, and others by default. It is well known to those 
who can remember that period of our history, that actions 
before magistrates, and the higher Courts, were much more 
numerous, in proportion to the population, than at the pre- 
sent day. The change may be ascribed in a great degree to 
a less stringent mode of coercion in the collection of debts, 
and the temperance reformation. Oliver Plimpton was ac- 
tive in municipal concerns, and represented the town at 
several periods in the General Court. His farm, garden, 
and buildings, exhibited discreet management, good taste 
and convenience. The visitor always enjoyed a pleasant 
and social interview in his accomplished family\ His ap- 
pearance was dignified and commanded respect. The even- 
ing of his days was in some degree shaded by too much in- 
dulgence. The early period, consecrated to his country, 
will be especially remembered. It is also to be remembered, 
that during the Revolutionary war, and the subsequent pe- 
riod, to the commencement of the temperance reformation, 
the opinion was prevalent, that ardent spirit of some sort, 



STUEBRIDGE AND SOUTHBEIDGE, 103 

was indispensable for the human constitution engaged in la- 
borious exercise. Many a strong man found it not easy to 
overcome habits thus contracted. 

MOSES PLIMPTON, a brother of Oliver Plimpton, was 
in the army, and died in the state of Rhode-Island, while in 
actual service. 

Capt. SAMUEL NEWELL.— We well remember Capt. 
Newell, a neighbor of Oliver Plimpton, who was in the 
Revolutionary war, excepting at short intervals, during its 
continuance. We have heard him speak of the hardships 
and sufferings incident to some portions of that period. " Fre- 
quently straightened in the necessary supplies of food and 
clothing, subjected to the inclemency of the weather, and the 
rigors of winter, our condition demanded the greatest self- 
denial. Those who have not encountered the trials by ex- 
perience, have but a feeble conception of the reality. We 
know something of the cost of our independence, and how 
to prize it. Our labors^ our property, and much of the 
choicest blood of America, were sacrificed on the altar of 
our independence." It was literally so. This is the price of 
that priceless inheritance which those suffering men have 
transmitted to their posterity. After the all-absorbing ob- 
ject was accomplished, Mr. Newell returned to his occupa- 
tion and pursued it with great industry till his death. He 
was a very exemplary man, and of the strictest integrity. 
His moral character passed through the ordeal untarnished. 
Capt. Newell was in several important engagements, but we 
do not remember with certainty when or where. 

We subjoin a few remarks in connection with a particular 
period of Capt. Newell's revolutionary services. It was a 
period of the conflict which the descendants of the fathers of 
the Revolution should keep particularly in remembrance. 
We have been reminded by Mr. Moses Newell, a nephew, 
that Capt. Newell was in the battle at Brandy-wine, which 
occurred in Sept. 1777, and probably, in the battle at Ger- 
mantown, which was in the early part of the following Oc- 



lOi HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

tober. The first battle continued during the most of the 
day, and resulted in a severe loss of the Americans. Ac- 
cording to the statement of the enemy, our loss, in killed 
and wounded, was one thousand, and four hundred taken 
prisoners ; and their loss was comparatively small. In 
this engagement, Furgusson, a Col. of a regiment of Brit- 
ish riflemen, made the first experiment of his newly invented 
rifle. It is probable that worked to their satisfaction in cut- 
ting down the rebels, as they were termed by the mother 
country. Washington made a skillful retreat. The British 
claimed also the victory, in the battle at Germantown, but 
that was purchased at a much dearer rate. It was so nobly 
contested, against fearful odds, by the Americans, that the 
result was for some time doubtful. The British claimed 
that our loss, in killed and wounded, was twelve hundred, 
and that theirs, but a little more than half that number. 
Gen. Washington again made a masterly retreat. If the 
British statement be correct, we had lost, in killed, wounded 
and taken prisoners, about two thousand and six hundred 
men, in those two engagemetits. A severe and distressing 
loss ! It must be remembered that the British had at this 
time, in that quarter, their best troops, in large numbers, 
commanded by their best officers. These forces, they 
deemed sufficient to crush the rebels. For a while, every 
thing gave way before them. They took possession of the 
large cities and towns, in rapid succession. Our troops 
poorly fed, and thinly clad, were compelled to retreat from 
place to place. Gloomy and appalling was the aspect around 
them. Washington was, no doubt, pained to the heart, at 
the losses and sufferings of his brave men, whom he loved 
with almost parental alTection. He clearly saw that great 
sacrifices must be made, and a vast amount of suffering en- 
dured, and that the blood of his beloved men must ireely 
flow, before the great end in view, would be attained. 
Defeats and retreats, he no doubt expected. Although the 
losses of men were severe, he was very careful of the lives 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 105 

of his men. He knew well the forces of the enemy, and 
how they must ultimately be defeated, if defeated at all. 
He knew it must be done, by this kind of severe and pro- 
tracted discipline of his own troops, and by worrying out, 
so to speak, the enemy. It was a hard lot for America, but 
it must be endured, if she would win the prize of indepen- 
dence. 

STEPHEN NEWELL, a younger brother, was in the 
service, several limited periods, and held the rank of orderly 
Sergeant, an office of some responsibility. He loved to 
dwell on the unwearied trials and efforts of that day, and 
to witness their cheering effects. He was industrious and 
correct in his habits, and possessed firmness, and decision 
of character. As a townsman he was frequently elected to 
take a part in the management of its interests. 

Mr. Newell, with a party, arrived at the battle-ground 
about the time Burgoyne surrendered. He probably be- 
longed to Capt. Mason's company. 

CALEB ALLEN.— Mr. Allen was born in Sturbridge, 
where he lived and died. " He was in the service the great- 
est portion of the Revolutionary war, and during the darkest 
hours of its history. Tn 1776, he was stationed in the 
city of New-York, afterwards at the Hights of Harlem. 
He was afterwards in the battle at White-Plains, which 
gave a cheering impulse to the Americans. 

It is worthy of notice, that the military and citizens, in 
large numbers, are accustomed to gather on the battle- 
ground, in military style, to celebrate that engagement, 
which occurred on the 28th of Oct. 1776. The military 
exhibit the movements of hostile parlies, although a blood- 
less engagement. The effect is to keep that and other 
revolutionary events, in lively remembrance. The banks 
of the Hudson were the theatre of many such thrilling 
transactions. The visitor, in traversing that ground, is con- 
stantly reminded of the stirring realities of the Revolution. 
If wo mistake not, he was in the engagements at Trenton 



106 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

and Princeton. Allen had a very retentive memory, which 
was a store-house of amusing anecdotes, and many interest- 
ing factSj in relation to the Revolution, at command on all 
occasions. He remembered all the officers, and their traits 
of character. He loved to speak of the noble bearing of 
Washington, and of the daring, and eccentricities of Put- 
nam. If any bold enterprise was in contemplation, Putnam, 
in his frank and familiar way of address, would say, 
"George, you plan, and / will fight." This pithy expres- 
sion is a full developement of the character of each. Wash- 
ington had no superior in planning. No man could fight 
more courageously than Putnam. The writer has heard 
Allen narrate the privations and sufferings of the American 
army. He would remark, at the same time, " although our 
sufferings were so severe, we had no idea of abandoning 
the cause in which we were engaged. Although we were 
frequently obliged to flee from the enemy, we did not des- 
pair of ultimate success." Mr. Allen was in stature about 
six feet four or five inches, broad shoulders, and of great 
muscular power. Always in humble circumstances, he 
during the last years of his life, possessed no other means 
of support besides his pension. He died at an advanced 
age. 

His services to his country, entitle him to honorable re- 
membrance. 

As we have remarked of Benjamin Hobbs, no monument 
tells the spot where lie his bones. 

COMFORT JOHNSON.— The writer was well ac- 
quainted with Mr. Johnson. A native of Sturbridge, he 
was born in the year 1747. His military services were not 
less, perhaps more than three months. He had an uncom- 
monly retentive memory, and was ever ready to entertain 
the hearer with revolutionary reminiscences, and other mat- 
ters of interest, touching the early settlement of the town. 
We speak of memory, as it was the principal historical 
record, on which many, of his day, depended. He was a 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 107 

farmer, and kept a public house for many years. He was 
tail, erect, and of a firm physical constitution. He died on 
the 13th day of Feb. 1839, at the great age of 91 years. 

JOSHUA MASON.— Mr. Mason was a native of 
Sturbridge, and entered the service at the age of fifteen or 
sixteen, near the close of the war. He was in the army 
about six months. His dependence for a livelihood was on 
his own personal efforts. In the early part of his life, he 
was employed as a hired man, generally at the rate of seven 
dollars a month. Economy and keen calculation, began to 
develope results in his favor. A strict adherence to this 
course of life, enabled him to sum up, some years before its 
close, about one hundred thousand dollars. This is an ex- 
traordinary estate for a farmer, considering that it was ac- 
quired under no peculiarly favorable circumstances. Econo- 
my was one of the cardinal virtues of his time, and carried out 
by him to an unusual degree of exactness He was leni- 
ent to his creditors, and sometimes extended such indul- 
gence as resulted in heavy losses. He cheerfully patron- 
ized our common school system, and was gratified to wit- 
ness the proficiency of children. His diet was of the simp- 
lest kind, not tinctured, in the least, with modern dainties. 
His uniform good health, vigor, and protracted life, may 
be imputed, in a great degree to his abstemious mode of 
living. He was in person, tall, very erect, possessuig a 
visage indicative of the keen calculating powers within. 
Mr. Mason died in 1849, aged 82. 

SIMON MASON, an older half-brother of Joshua, was 
in the service two or three several periods. He drew 
a pension. Although in easy circumstances, and the pos- 
sessor of property amply sufficient for the support of him- 
self and family, we recollect tlie gratification he expressed 
in being thus remembered by his country. It revived 
afresh, in his old age, the events of the Revolution, and 
kindled up a cheering animation in his countenance and 



108 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

language. It was a manifestation of gratitude which cheer- 
ed the heart of many an aged veteran. Mr. Mason was a 
saving, close-calculating man ; very plain in his dress and 
manners, perfectly honest and honorable in his dealings. 
He was also an exemplary christian. He lived to a great 
age. 

ASAHEL CLARK bore arms in the French war. He 
was one of the first settlers of that portion of Sturbridge, 
now Houthbridge. 

JOSHUA HARDING was in the Revolutionary war, 
and was what was called one of the three-year men. We 
have spoken of him in another place, as prominent in town 
affairs. 

OLIVER ROBBINS, ABEL GUNN, JAMES DYER, 
THOMAS DYER, JESSE SABIN, CHARLES WEST, 
ROBERT EDWARDS, and NATHAN BROWN, were 
also in the Revolution. 

Robert Edwards was the father of Mr. Jacob Edwards, 
still living, and the grand-father of William, Jacob, and 
John Edwards, who liave, for many years been extensively 
concerned in mercantile business in Southbridge. 

Capt. JOHx\ CONGDON was in the Revolutionary war, 
several campaigns. After the close of the war, he was 
master of a vessel several years, in the employment of the 
noted Gerard. He removed to Siturbridge, where he passed 
the latter part of his life, in agricultural pursuits, highly 
respected. 

DUTY MARSH was in the Revolutionary war. He 
was a brother of Silas Marsh, whose character is sketched 
in another place. 

ASA HOxMER, DANIEL MORSE, and JEREMY 
MORSE, bore arms in the Revolution. 

Asa Morse was the owner of the noted farm, on Lebanon- 
Hill, (so called,) now owned by his son, Parker IMorse, 
containing about three hundred acres of land. Asa Walker, 
(one of the seven sons of Nathaniel Walker,) was the first 



STURBRIDGB AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 109 

settler of this farm, and probably the first settler of Lebanon- 
Hill. This eminence has not only the attraction of a very 
prodnctive soil, but of a most delightful view of the sur- 
ronndino- country. Fourteen churches are here to be seen. 
Thcv are certainly no doubtful evidence of thrift and 
moral character. Hatcliet Hill, (so called,) is more ele- 
vated, and the view more extensive, but Lebanon-Hill has 
the superiority in point of soil. 

LEMUEL CLARK was in the service during most of the 
war. With lively interest he would speak of the events of 
the Revolution. 

JOSEPH TOWNE, JOEL BARRIT, THOMAS JAMES, 
ENOS MORSE, HINSDELL HAMANT, THOMAS 
WAKEFIELD, MARVIL JACKSON, ELIJAH MARCY, 
AARON MARSH, JEPHTHAH CLARK, WALTER 
FREEMAN, and JACOB CLEAVELAND, were in the 
Continental Army for the term of six months, in the year 
1780. The roll from which Ihe names are taken, includes 
many whose names are mentioned in other places. Proba- 
bly some of the above named individuals were in the ser- 
vice at other periods of the war. We are indebted to Mr. 
Joseph Clark for the above names on the roll, found among 
the papers of his father, and also for the names of other 
Revolutionary soldiers. 

PAMENIAS THAYER, a native of Sturbridge, was 
about three years under Gen. Wayne, in the war which 
broke out with the Indians, in 179L He has stated to the 
writer, that he was present when the Indians surrendered. 
This Vv'-ar was a severe trial to the physical constitution. 
Mr. Thayer never afterwards enjoyed firm health. 

The reader perceives that our sketches of some who bore 
arms in the Revolutionary war, are more brief than those 
of many others The want of desired information is the 
occasion of the difference. Those venerated men are gone, 
and most of those, who knew them best, are also gone. 

10 



110 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

Even at this period of removal from them, the difficulty of 
obtaining particulars will be readily perceived. 

ISAAC WARNER, (ihe father of Roswill Warner, E^q. 
still hving, and long known as one of our active and re- 
spected citizens,) was a resident of Sturbridge, when he 
entered the Revolutionary service. He was several months 
at Cambridge, and was prevented by sickness, from taking 
a part in the Bunker Hill Battle. His young wife was left 
at home alone with an infant child. This circumstance is 
noticed, as one of the multiplied trials of that day. Mr. 
Warner was afterwards a Captain of the militia, and took 
an active part with liis company in quelling the Shays 
Insurrection. He resided in Brookfield, at that time. He 
was a very co:npanionable man, extensively known and 
respected. 

ELIJAH SHUMWAY (the son of David Shumway, the 
first settler, where Mr. Mason Streeter now lives,) ^yas a 
while in the Revolutionary war. Lewis, a son of Elijah, 
informs ns that he has often heard him speak of being in 
the service. 

ASA BULLARD, for many years a resident of Stur- 
bridge, where he died at an advanced age, was in the arrny 
a sufficient length of time to obtain a pension. We do not 
recollect where he was born, or where he lived when he 
entered the service. He was a worthy man. Being in 
indigent circumstances, liis pension was quite a relief 

ZACHARIAH and EDWARD COBURX, brothers, and 
natives of Charlton, were both, according to the recollection 
of aged men, in the Army. They were fjr a longtime resi- 
dents of Slurbridgc, where they died. 

Lii-UT. .TOHN TAYLOR was born in Charleston, R. I. 
Feb. 2.")tli, 1755, being about 21, at the commencement of 
the Revolution. He ardently espoused the cause of the 
Colonies, but being of Quaker parentage, and eduonicd in 
the pacific tenets of that sect, it was not easy for him to 
overcome his scruples in regard to taking up arms. The 



STRUBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. Ill 

battles of Lexington and Bunker-Hill, in connection with 
his strong aversion to oppression, seemed eft'ectually to re- 
move his doubts on this point. Having been drafted into a 
company of militia, he shouldered his gun, and marched 
(o the music of the fife and the drum, to battle for principles 
which could not be obtained by peaceful means. His ser- 
vices were mostly confined to the operations of the militia, 
during the war. He was occasionally in the regular army 
as a volunteer, or as substitute for his father, who, though 
decidedly in favor of the cause of the Colonies, could never 
be induced to bear arms. His residence was some four 
miles easterly of Watch-Hill light-house, and within one 
mile of the shore. He became a Lieutenant of the militia, 
and was much engaged in the defence of the coast. Almost 
daily, some American craft or vessel was run ashore to es- 
cape the British cruisers, stationed near Block-Island. The 
Rhode-Islanders, having cannon stationed along the beach, 
were ever on the alert to protect the American craft. Often, 
(as Lieut. Taylor was accustomed to relate some of their 
adventures) within a mile, in full view of the British man of 
war, and in the midst of flying cannon balls, would they 
draw out their cannon, the commander riding astride the 
gun, and swinging his hat in defiance and contempt of the 
enemy. We mention this circumstance to show the spirit 
of the Rhode-Islanders. Like the Green-Mountain boys, 
they possessed an abundant share of genuine, unflinching 
mettle. The crew of the British vessel knew very well 
what would be their destiny, if they approached the shore 
in their barges. Lieut. Taylor was in Gen. Sullivan's ex- 
pedition, on Rhode-Island, to which we have alluded in 
another place. He married Elizabeth Chatman who had 
three or four brothers in the army. Two of them perished 
in the notorious Jersey prison-ship. Lieut. Taylor removed 
to Sturbridge in 1808, where he enjoyed public confidence 
and public trust. He died in 1841, at the age of 86. He 
possessed great physical power, and a countenance indica- 



112 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

live of Sterling courage, a striking specimen of the men who 
achieved the Independence of their country. Although en- 
titled, probably, to a full pension, he preferred that his ser- 
vices to his country should be gratuitous, A. P. Taylor, 
Esq. long well known among us, is a son of Lieut. Taylor. 
We have spoken more particularly of those who person- 
ally embarked in the contest. It is not to be inferred that 
the great work devolved exclusively on them. It must be 
admitted, they were subjected to more imminent perils, and 
severer hardsliips than those wiio remained at home The 
field was the theatre where life was exposed to the deadly 
power of the enemy. Those, who did not take the field, 
were alike subjected to the exhausting demands constantly 
made on their resources. The thrilling anxieties were 
equally theirs. The female sex sustained their part with 
heroic firnniess. The spirit of liberty was cherished in their 
bosoms with unrelaxed perseverance. Self-denial was nev- 
er more nobly exemplified. While tlie husband, the lather, 
and the brother, were fighting the battles of Independence, 
the masculine duties were cheerfully discharged by them at 
home. The hoe, the ax, and the stall, became their fami- 
har coiupanions. We may readily suppose their pillows 
bore witness to many a sleepless, night. How could they 
sustain the frequent heart-rending tidings, that a husband, 
a son, or father had fallen on the field of battle ! Here 
were the keenest trials in that long conflict. Men were 
called upon to leave at a minute's warning. With many of 
them, it was their last farewell of home. Tliere was one 
consoling ingredient in the cup of grief They fell in the 
defence of a righteous cause. Their memories were em- 
balmed in many a smitten heart, "^rhcy claim, likewise, a 
grateful remembrance of that country whose iudepei. deuce 
they scaled with their blood. 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 



113 



Names of the men who were in the Revoliitlonarij and 
French Wars^ from Siurbridge, 

The letters F. and k. designate French and Revolutionary- 
Wars. 

Lieut. Benj. Felton, f. and R. 



Eliplialet Allen, R. 
Abraham Allen, r. 
Caleb Allen, R. 
Thomas Boyden, f. and R. 
John Boyden, r. 
Amos Boyden, r 
Justus Boyden, r. 
Nathan Brown, r. 
Joel Barret, r. 
Asa Bulla rd, r. 
Maj. Asa Coburn, r. 
Henry Clark, R. 
Capt. Henry Clark, R. 
Rufus Clark, r. 
David Corey, r. 
Joseph Cheney, R. 
John Corey, r. 
Elijah Carpenter, F. and R. 
Phineas Coburn, r. 
Col. Ebenezer Crafts, R. 
Lemuel Clark, r. 
Asahel Clark, f. 
Jephthah Clark, r. 
Jacob Cleaveland, r. 
Capt. John Congdon, r. 
Zachariah Coburn, r. 
Edward Coburn, r. 
Stephen Draper, r. 
Silas Dunton, r. 
Benjamin Dix, r. 
John Dunton, r. 
James Dyer, r. 
Thomas Dyer, r. 
Robert Edwards, r. 
Cyrus Fay, R. 
Simeon Fisk, r. 
Nathan Fisk, r. 
Joshua Fisk, r. 

10* 



Walter Freeman, R. 

Abel Gunn, R. 

John Gess, r. 

Eleazer Howard, f. and r. 

Benj. Humphrey, r, 

Abijah Hyde, R. 

Joshua Hyde, r. 

Benjamin Hobbs, r, 

John Holbrook, R. 

Benjamin Hyde, R. 

John Hyde, r. 

Othniel Hyde, R. 

Samuel Hyde, R. 

Joshua Harding, r. 

Hensdale Hamant, r. 

James Johnson, F. and R. 

Joshua Jerold, r. 

Comfort Johnson, R. 

Thomas Janes, r. 

Marvel Jackson, R. 

Wm. Leech, R. 

Jesse Sabin, R, 

Capt, Abel Mason, f. and r. 

Simeon Mason, R. 

It ha mar Me rri field. R. 

Calvin Marsh, R. 

Joshua Mason, R. 

Samuel Morse, R. 

Silas Marsh, r. 

Mr. Morse, r. 

Joseph Mills, r. 

Capt. Adam Martin, R. 

Aaron Martin, R. 

Moses Martin, r. 

Asa Morse, r. 

Daniel Morse, r. 

Jeremy Morse, r. 



114 



HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 



Duty Marsh, R. 
Enos Morse, r. 
Elijah Marcy, R. 
Aaron INIarsh, r. 
Timothy Newell, R. 
Capt. Samuel Newell, R. 
Lieut. Stephen Newell, r. 
Dea. John Phillips, r. 
Dr. Eben'r Phillips, r. 
Elijah Plimpton, R. 
Daniel Plimpton, r 
Timothy Parker, r. 
Oliver Plimpton, r. 
Moses Plimpton, r. 
John Plimpton, r. 
Elias Plimpton, r. 
Primus, (color'd man,) r. 
Ichabod Kobbins, r. 
Eli Robbins, R. 
Col. Nathan Rice, r. 
Oliver Robbins, r. 
Timothy Smith, r. 
Nathan Smith, r. 
Moses Smith, r. 
John Salmon, r. 
Joseph Shaw, r. 



Nahum Smith, r. 
Samuel Shumway, R. 
Abijah Shimiway, R. 
Mark Stacy, r. 
Amos Scott, R. 
\\illiam Simpson, R. 
Elijah Shumway, R. 
Joseph Towne, R. 
Parmenas Thayer, Indian w. 
Isaac Upham, R 
Jonathan Upham, R 
Lieut. Nathaniel Walker F. R. 
Josiah Walker, f. 
Dennison Wheelock, R. 
Ralph Wheelock, R. 
Benjamin Walker, R. 
George Watkins^ f. 
Mr. VVelch, R. 
Charles West, R. 
Thomas Wakefield, R. 
Obed Walker, R. 
Phineas Walker, F. and R. 
Capt. Isaac Warner, R. 
Thomas Voung, R. 
Lieut. John Taylor, R. 



On the 4th of July, 1838, the two towns tmitcd in a cen- 
tennial celebration of Sturbridge, one hundred years having 
elapsed from its incorporation. The clergy, and large num- 
bers from the neighboring towns, joined in the celebration. 
The address, embracing an interesting sketch of the early 
settlement of the town, and of revolutionary events, was de- 
livered by the Rev. J. S. Clark, in the Congregational 
church, to a crowded audience. After the close of the very 
interesting exercises in the church, the large gathering of the 
people, of both sexes, repaired to a long table, on the com- 
mon, spread with an abundance of good things. Col. Ed- 
ward Phillips presided at the table. The recollections of 
the past furnished an ample supply of topics for remark. 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 115 

The presence of a goodly number of Revolutionary Patriots 
greatly increased the interest of the occasion. Only one, 
(Dea John PhiUips,) of those venerated men, now remains. 
One hundred years had developed great changes. More 
than three generations had passed away, leavmg marked 
impressions of their works. Such occasions are replete with 
interest, and tend to revive and perpetuate grateful recollec- 
tions of those who deserve gratitude. 

EBENEZER DAVIS.— ^1r. Davis was a co-temporary 
with Gen. Newell of Sturbridge, Gen. Danelson of Brim- 
field, Caleb Amidown Esq. and Gen. Towne, of Charlton. 
They were all men of distinction, and regarded as men of 
more than common abilities. They were not distinguished 
fur their learning, or as jurists, orators or statesmen, but as 
discreet, practical men, exerting a salutary and controlling 
influence around them. Tlieir characters are a common in- 
heritance, claiming remembrance, especially in this vicinity. 
Our attention is at this time more particularly confined to 
that of Mr. Davis. He commenced his active life with the 
early settlement of this section of country, and passed through 
those thrilling and critical periods of our history to which 
we have often alluded. The writer, before he came to Stur- 
bridge, had frequently heard of Ebhy Davis of Charlton, 
(as he was familiarly called,) not only as a man of wealth, 
but of intelligence and superior abiUties. He had occasion 
to call on him several times ; once or twice to transact 
business, and at other times specially to enjoy his edifying 
conversation. He spoke of his mode of transacting business, 
and alluded to some of the losses he had sustained. This 
allusion was made not by way of regret at the losses, but to 
show his indulgence. The various scenes through which 
he had passed, were all familiar. It was an edifymg treat 
to hear him bring to view and enlarge upon them. His 
memory was remarkably retentive at the age of seventy 



116 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

five. Indeed, lie appeared to be in the full possession of all 
his mental faculties. Every thing about him exhibited 
characteristics of simplicity and frugality. The furniture of 
his house was plain and substantial, — nothing superfluous 
or ornamental. His mansion was in keeping wiih every 
thing within it. It was thoroughly built, commodious, and 
sufficiently large. His lands were managed in such a 
manner as to render them productive. His table was al- 
ways furnished with the substantials of life. 

Whenever the writer called upon him he happened to be 
alone in his room. At those calls, we remember distinctly 
seeing the old family Bible, with its brazen clasps, lying 
open on the bed or tahle. It appeared to be his familiar 
companion. His mind was undoubtedly richly replenished 
from the exhaustlcss fountain. Hooks, in his early days, 
were comparatively few, and opportunities for schooling 
very limited. How did men like him, as we have more 
than once suggested, obtain that knowledge which was so 
discreetly carried out in practice. Without doubt they 
drank deeply from the Divine fountaiti. where arc to be found 
the best rules for practice in every condition of life. They 
were keen observers of men and things, and gathered infor- 
mation from whatever fell within the scope of their obser- 
vations. Men of his stamp, and in truth, men generally, 
thought and examined for themselves, and r.cted accord- 
ingly. 

Since writing the foregoing remarks, we have been fa- 
vored by the Hon. E. D. Ammidown with some interesting 
particulars respecting his grandfather, the subject of this 
sketch. Mr. Davis, while residing with his father, in Ox- 
ford, his native town, purchased the farm or tract of land 
in Charlton, before the incorporation of the latter town, 
which became his residence for life. At that time, most of 
the surrounding region was in a state of nature. It was his 
custom as soon as the day broke, to take his axe, walk 
through the wilderness to his land, do his day's work, and 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 117 

at night, (as he expressed it,) " take a l.iack trot home." 
This was tlie kind of exercise which made men in those 
days. During some period of the Frtmch war, he was en- 
gaged, (how long we are not informed) in the capacity of 
commissary, in furnishing supphes for tlie troops. In one 
of their expeditions to Canada, he gave a thrilUng account 
of the suffering of the party of troops, with which he was 
connected. In returning home, they missed the way, in the 
wilderness, and having exhausted their provisions, were six 
days v/ithont food. Famished, weak, and reduced ahriost 
to starvation, tliey reached a settlement on Sunday. How- 
ever strange it may seem, they were compelled to encounter 
the superstitious scruples of the people in granting them ro- 
hef, on that day. The party was not in a condition to hold 
a protracted debate on the subject. The sufferers peremp- 
torily declared that relief must forthwith be granted, or they 
should help themselves. There was no longer delay. The 
relief was granted. A bullock was dispatched and cooked 
as quickly as possible. The appetite, by this time, had be- 
come nncontrolable. To some of the sufferers, this prov- 
ed their last meal. Others, enduring extreme suffering, 
barely survived. i\Ir. Davis, with his characteristic pru- 
dence, observed caution. As he remarked, he commenced 
by taking a little of the broth, as the cooking was going 
on. With this precaution, he escaped, in a great measure, 
the distress of some, and the sad destiny of others. By fur- 
nishing the array with provisions in the way to which we 
have alluded, it is supposed he laid the foundation of his 
large estate. xVfter acquiring a little surplus of money, he 
commenced loaning, at six per cent, taking security on real 
estate. This was, mainly, his mode of accumulating his 
property, which was continued till the close of his life. In 
his last days he was heard to remark, v/ith seeming satis- 
faction. "I can look back, on my life, in this respect, and 
say, I have oppressed no man, nor can any man say, I have 



118 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

taken more than six per cent for money loaned ; but I al- 
ways required my interest to be paid annually." 

Up to the time of the settlement of his estate in iSlC, 
there had not been an estate settled through the Probate of- 
fice, in the County of Worcester, so large as Mr. Davis'. 
Although a man of exemplary industry and frugality, some- 
thing more than a strict observance of these virtues, was 
requisite to amass such an estate. The requisites were, an 
extraordinary judgment, and extraordinary gifts of calcula- 
tion. Systematic arrangement characterized all his move- 
ments, and business transactions. As we have observed, 
his conversation was uncommonly easy, pleasant and edi- 
fying, and replete with sound common sense. Had he pre- 
pared himself for either of the professions, there is no doubt 
he would have been prominent among the first. Had he 
been elevated to the executive chair of the nation, even 
wiih his limited literary acquirements, we hazard the asser- 
tion, that the reins of government would have been held 
with a discreet and impartial hand, and his administration 
would have reflected credit ou the country. Can this be 
said of all who have occupied that high position. Such 
men must be brought into the field, if we would, as a na- 
tion, regain the elevation we once held in this respect. 
There is a satisfaction in dwelling upon the sterling virtues 
of such men. 

Mr. Davis was, in person tall, rather corpulent, of digni- 
fied deportment, and possessed a countenance of cheerful- 
ness and intelligence. 

Our late excellent chief magistrate, Emory Washburn, 
is a grandson of Mr. Davis. 

Mr. Davis died Aug. 10th, 1810, in the TSth year of his 
age. 

^Mr. holmes AMMIDOWN, a son of the late Luther 
Ammidown Esq. has very generously furnished us with the 
result of his researches, in reference to his ancestors. We 
give it in his own language. 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 119 

"According to the best information I have been able to 
obtain, the Ammidowns, originally, were French Hngue- 
nots, from Toulouse in the south west part of France. 
They left that country about the time of the first religious 
war between the protestants and catholics, which broke out 
in 1621 ; or at the fall of Rochelle, and the general dispersion 
of the protestants, in 1629. That city being the principal 
place of embarkation to English ports, large numbers of the 
Huguenots, at the time of its surrender to the catholics, left 
for England, and being of a similar cast of mind upon re- 
ligious affairs, it was quite natural that some of their num- 
ber should join the Puritans in forming the New-England 
colony. 

Roger Ammidown, it is most likely, came out with John 
Endicot, or John Winthrop, probably with the first named, 
in 162S, or with the latter, in 1630. 

The first emigrants who came out from London, under 
the charge of Endicot, came for the express purpose, as was 
set forth, to carry on a plantation, and to provide a safe 
retreat, where they might enjoy rehgious liberty in matters 
of worship and discipHne. This settlement was made at 
Naunkeak, New Salem, for the benefit of non-conformists. 
This was the first Colony settlement in Massachusetts, and 
was described as follows. " All that part of New-England, 
lying between three miles to the northward of Merrimack 
River, and three miles to the southward of Charles River, 
and in length within the described breadth, from the At- 
lantic ocean to the south sea." The French name Avas 
"Amidoun" or " Aimedoun," using the " u" instead of 
" w" as it is now spelt. "Aimedown" is according to the 
record, as stated by the author of the early history of the 
town of Salem, 1637. Our early ancestors were evidently 
a pioneer people, preferring the frontier settlement ; removing 
from Salem to Weymouth, at which place Roger Amidown 
and his wife Sarah, record the birth of their daughter Sarah, 
in the lOth mo. 6ih, 1640 ; from thence to Boston, where is 



120 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

found recorded in the first book of records, alphabetically, 
the "first child under the letter A." " Lydia," daughter 
of Roger Aniadowne and Sarali his wife, born 2 mo. 22d, 
1613. "^I'liis is the year that Siifiblk County was incorpo- 
rated. Next, I find Roger Ammidowiie at Rehoboth, in 
16 IS. That town was incorporated in 1645 by the Plym- 
ontli Colony, which Colony remained entire until 16S5, 
when it was divided into the three counties as now named, 
Plymouth, Bristol and Barnstable, and so remained until 
the year 1692, when that Colony was annexed to the Col- 
ony of Massachusetts. The town of Rehoboth, as their 
records show, gave Roger Amidown in 161S, a house lot, 
between Waller Palmer's house and the mill, besides a piece 
of salt marsh and other lands. Also, at a town meeting 
lawfully warned, in June 22d, 165S, lots were drawn for 
the meadows that lie on the north side of the town, accord- 
ing to person and estate. Forty nine persons being enlisted 
to draw, and Roger Ammidowne stands numbered 43. 
Roger Ammidowne died November 13th, 1673, and left a 
son, " El)enezer," who, as the records of that town show, 
was esteemed one of their public spirited and patriotic men, 
in the days of the renowned " Indian King Phillip, of 
Moiuit-Hope ;"' and, as history proclaims, when that town 
moved to raise funds, by subscription, to carry on that 
bloody war, this " Ebenezer" responded in (he sum of Is. 
6d. The destruction of King Piiillip, with his followers at 
Mount-Hope, in 1676, at that period in Plymouth Colony, 
may justly be claimed as great an achievement as the me- 
morable declaration, one hundred years afterwards, which 
accomplished the separation of tlio United Colonies from 
Great Britain, in the year 1776. 

Whether this Ebenezer Anmiidown was a martyr in the 
patriotic cause, history does not show, hut it may be so, as 
his two children, in the year 16S0, "Phillip and Henry," 
are styled as orphans, according to the following record — 
" William Bradford, of Plymouth Colony, sold to certain 



sturbridCtE and southbridge. 121 

proprietors of land in Relioboth, a tract of land," and in- 
cluded with those proprietors, are named PhilMp and Henry 
Ammidowne, orphan children. One of these orphans, Phil- 
lip, " subseqnently removed to Mendon, and married Iihe- 
more "Warfield. Their first child, Ichabod, was born 1704, 
and the second, Mary, 170G, and the third, a son, "Phillip," 
170S, and this Phillip was onr great Grandfather, who mar- 
ried Submit Bnllard, and their first child, Caleb Ammi- 
down, born Angust, 1736, was our Grandfather, who mar- 
ried Hannah Sabin, who was born Feb. 2d, 1741, and died 
March 4th, 1820. Tlieir cliildren, John Ammidown, born 
April 5th, 1759; Luther, born July 8th, 1761 ; and Calvin, 
born June 21st, 176S ; and their descendants were, and 
many now are, residents of Southbridge. Our great grand- 
father's father, Phillip, removed from Mendon to Oxford, 
about the time of the incorporation of that town, in 1713, 
and died there, March 15th, 1747. Charlton was incorpo- 
rated in J 754, and our great Grandfather was an early set- 
tler ; he died 1779." 

CALEB AMMIDOWN, the father of John, Luther, and 
Calvin Ammidown, was born in August, 1736, and died 
April 13th, 1799, in the 63d year of his age. Being a pro- 
minent man of the times of which we have particularly 
spoken, a brief sketch of his character is attempted, as far 
as we have obtained a knowledge of it. The writer in the 
former part of his life, recollects very well hearing the 
elderly men speak of Mr. Ammidown as a man of notoriety 
and influence, and whose opinion was highly appreciated. 
More than once we have heard the following anecdote re- 
lated of him. At some period in the earlier part of his life, 
he was the orderly sergeant of a militia company. It was 
thought expedient to memorialize the existing government, 
in some matter deemed important. "To whom shall we ap- 
ply to make the draft of the instrument to be sent?" was a 
matter of consultation among the officers of the militia. 
The captain of the company to which Mr. Ammidown be- 
ll 



122 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

longed, proposed his orderly Serjeant. Some surprise was 
manifested. It was concluded that serjeant Animidown 
should make the attempt. The object of the proposed me- 
morial was stated to him. Mr. Ammidown, having pro- 
cured pen, ink and paper, and making his lap^ covered 
witli his leatlier apron, his writmg desk, went to work, and 
soon produced a document which exnctly met their views. 
This instance is related to s'now his carlj'' aptness as a ready 
writer. We are informed by our venerable friend, Dea. 
Phillips, who was well acquainted with Mr. Ammidown, 
that he was a man of extraordinary abilities. In important 
questions, his judgment was highly valued. He speaks of 
him as a legislator, having few superiors, in correct and 
comprehensive views. As a ready writer, his pen was 
freely, and profitably used, in the legislature. Although not 
a very ready debater, he would iVequently baffle those who 
were more learned, and more gifted in speaking. He was 
fond of collisions of this sort, as an occasion of pleasantry. 
A rude attack would receive such a retort as could not be 
comfortably enjoyed. 

Tlic Hon. E. D. Ammidown has furnished us some 
additional particulars respecting his grandfather, Caleb Am- 
midown. As he was extensively known, and influential, 
although moving in the common walks of life, his business 
talents as well as other traits of character, are worthy of re- 
membrance. It is not certain that he actually bore arms 
during the revolutionary struggle, but, during that period,^ 
he was actively engaged in discharging various important 
trusts. After the close of the war, he represented the town 
of Charlton, several years. This was one of the trying 
periods, in our history. The state of atHairs was such as 
required the stroniicst and most discreet men. Mr. Ammi- 
down was one of the men who took an active part in bring- 
ing order out of confusion, and adjusting the discordant ele- 
ments. 



STUEBRIDGE AND SOUTHBEIDGE. 123 

He was also appointed to survey tlie confiscated lands in 
this section of coniitiy, including a large part of Charlton. 
Among his papers are to be seen numerous plans and maps 
of lands surveyed and lotted out by him. 

He was a member of the Court of Sessions, a Court whose 
jurisdiction embraced many important matters within the 
limits of the County. 

For several years lie was excise man, under the gen- 
eral Government. This was a very laborious office, in- 
cluding the whole County of Vf orcester. Its duties required 
an annual inventory of the groceries sold in the county, 
and the imposition and collection of a specific tax, on the 
same. It is evident Mr. Ammidown was a working as well 
as a calculating man. 

In summing up the traits of his character, the most promi- 
nent were, firmness, resolution, integrity, perseverance, and 
keen foresight. It was not easy to impose upon him by 
any ingenious pretexts, or specious pretensions Mr. Ammi- 
down was plain in his dress, in his manners, and m con- 
versation, but not vulgar, or profane. When such men as 
Mr. Ammidown are entrusted with public concerns, there is 
little danger but they will be managed with discretion. 

We cannot allow ourselves to pass over in silence, CAL- 
YIN AMxMIDOWN Esq. a son of Caleb Ammidown. The 
writer enjoyed his acquaintance and frequent manifestations 
of his generous and benevolent heart. He was ever ready 
to assist and encourage young men, if they were disposed 
to assist themselves. Mr. Ammidown was one of the most 
efficient men in procuring the incorporation of the town of 
Southbridge, and m laying a Ibundation for its future growth 
and prosperity. He was equally efficient in building up 
and sustaining the religious society to which he belonged. 
The religious and civil state of things, when the town was 
incorporated, was in its infancy, and required such men as 
Mr. Ammidown to place it on a stable basis. To effect so 
desirable an object, he spared no pains. He was ever ready 



124 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

with an open liaiid, cheerful heart, and active personal ef- 
tbrls to promote any enterprise wliich promised utihty. A 
large proportion of the expense of erecting the congrega- 
tional chnrch in Soiithbridge, was borne by him. In sus- 
taining stated preaching he was equally liberal. He never 
rnshed precipitately into any project in contemplation, bnt 
examined carefully and keenly, bearings and consequences, 
before he was ready to act. When his mind was made up, 
he was not easily diverted from his purpose. He carried 
out in life, that firmness of character which descended as a 
legitimate inheritance. Honest, high-minded, and possess- 
ing enlarged views, his controlling aim was to promote the 
best interests of the community. Mr. Anmiidown married 
a daughter of Ebenezer Davis, whoso character wc have 
briefly sketched. By this connection, his property was con- 
siderably augmented, thereby enabling him to enlarge his 
business, and to be more extensively useful. Mr. Ammi- 
down was always actively employed, either in his own con- 
cerns or in those of a public nature. It is not improbable 
he taxed his physical and mental powers too severely, and 
thereby shortened the period of his usefulness. He dis- 
charged the duties of legislator, of a magistrate, and fre- 
quently of an arbitrator in settling the disagreements of 
parties. In all these trusts, no one doubted his ability or 
honesty. In his social habits, cordial, agreeable, and edify- 
ing, his company was always desirable. Without any dis- 
paragement to others, it may truly be said, that no man iti 
Southbridge was exerting a more energetic and salutary 
influence than Calvin Ammidown, up to the lime he was cut 
down in the midst of his usefulness. Mr. Ammidown lived 
to witness the early and promising growth of the town of 
which he was eminently one of its fathers. He was, in per- 
son, a little above the ordinary size, possessing prominent 
features, and a countenance indicating firmness and intelli- 
gence. 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 125 

In his death, all felr, especially in the community where 
he was intimately known, a great public and private loss 
had been sustained. 

He was the father of tb.e Hon. E. D. Ammidown, well 
known to the public, \yho still continues his active agency 
in promoting public enterprises and public improvements. 

Mr. Ammidown died Jan. 5th, 1S25, in the 56th year of 
Ills age. 

We remember very well LUTHER AMMIDOWN, Esq. 
a son of Caleb Ammidown, and a senior brother of Calvin. 
His influence, being always exerted in inculcating industry, 
enterprise and virtuous habits, he was an active co-opera- 
tor in promoting the early growth of Southbridge. He was 
not only systematic, correct, and judicious in all his business 
transactions, but far-sighted and discreet in those of a pub- 
lic character. 

He was extensively concerned for many years in mercan- 
tile and agricultural pursuits. Perfectly honest, faithful, 
and punctual himself, he required the same of those in his 
employ. If discreet and faithful management as guardian, 
or in any other capacity, was sought, no individual could 
be selected more worthy of confidence than Mr. Ammidown. 
He was emphatically a peace-maker. If contentions arose 
within the scope of his influence, his friendly interposition 
was not wanting to produce reconciliation and peace. As 
we have remarked of his brother Calvin, he was frequently 
selected as arbitrator to settle controversies between parties. 
The writer can testify to his solicitude, in this capacity, in 
various instances, to ascertain the truth and do complete 
and impartial justice. If he witnessed dishonesty or im- 
proper conduct, reproof, though gently administered, was in 
such a manner as to be felt. His influence was extensive 
and salutary. Mr. Luther Ammidown also exhibited char- 
acteristics, emanating from the paternal stock. Mr. Ammi- 
down was, in person, tall, rather spare, and dignified. His 
health was delicate. Judicious and methodical in his regi- 
11* 



126 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 

men, as in all his concerns, he was able to accomplish a 
great amount of business. His keen black eye was an in- 
dex of that intellectual power and capability which were 
manifest in all his external conduct. Mr. Ammidown was 
a supporter of the Baptist Society in Southbridge, and 
with that denomination attended worship. He left for his 
children a handsome estate, and not only for them, but for 
all who knew him, an exemplary character. 

JOHN AMMIDOWN, the oldest son of Caleb Ammi- 
down, was a worthy man, but of more retiring habits. His 
pursuits were almost exclusively confined to agriculture. 
He rarely took a part in public concerns. 



SCHOOLS, 



It will not be denied, that the pubHc instruction of the 
rising generation, from the first settlement of the town, 
has received as much attention as the condition and ability 
of the inhabitants would allow. The provision that has 
been made for such instruction, clearly manifests, that its 
importance has been fully realized. The school-house was 
erected, or some place provided, where children might come 
together to be taught the rudiments of literature, almost si- 
multaneously with private dwellings. During some years 
after the incorporation of the town, and afterwards during 
the Revolutionary war, the privileges thus enjoyed, were 
unavoidably very limited. We have heard the remark by 
one — " I attended school two months," of another, "I at- 
tended one month," and by another a " fortnight." Re- 
ahzing their own deficiency, they were resolved that their 
children should be favored with better advantages. Hence 
the increasing provisions which were made for the instruc- 
tion of the young. School books, a little more than a half 
a century ago, were limited to a very few kinds. Perry's 
and Webster's spelling books, Webster's Third-Part, Pike's 
abridged Arithmetic, and the New Testament, composed 
the catalogue of School books. English Grammar was 
rarely introduced into the schools, as other branches, more 
simple, were thought to be more profitable for children, 
with their circumscribed means of instruction. 



128 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

The branches of study gradually multiplied, as the terms 
for schooling were, protracted. Morse's Geography and 
Murray's Grammar made their appearance. Murray's excel- 
lent, and, perhaps, unsurpassed system, awakened a lively 
interest in that branch of study. Teachers were required 
to be versed in the English Grammar. It has, for nearly 
half of a century, held a high rank, and been successfully 
taught in schools. Morse's abridged Geography was intro- 
duced into schools about the same time. Dr. Morse is justly 
entitled to the paternity of Geography in America. His 
great work, containing a large fund of useful information, 
was the text-book in academies, for a series of years, in this 
branch of learning. His geographies have given place to 
others supposed to be better adapted to schools. 

At the early period of which we have been speaking, as 
the terms of schooling, each year, were short, the limited 
advantages were, unquestionably, more industriously im- 
proved than they are at present. The teachers, in those 
days, generally gave the questions in arithmetic on the 
slate, for the pupil to solve. This, he was compelled to pon- 
der upon, and work out, without much light from the 
teacher. If the question, to the pupil, was enveloped in 
Egyptian darkness, he must penetrate it, and work out the 
answer. After he had surveyed it for hours, in every imag- 
inable point of view, and covered his slate again and again 
with figures, perhaps a glimpse of light might be discovered. 
Although this was a rigid mode of prying after truth, it was 
probably wholesome mental discipline. 

In those primitive days, the minister of the parish kept 
himself prepared to impart instruction in the higher branches, 
and to fit young men for college. Many a young man, 
without much, if any pecuniary aid from others, by his own 
persevering eflbrts, obtained a public education. Illustrious 
examples of this sort may be cited. John Adams, to avail 
himself of the means of prosecuting his studies, was occa- 
sionally employed in teaching schools The young man 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 129 

who thus perseveringly grapples with straightened circum- 
stances, may not become so distinguished as Mr. Adams, 
but will act his part well through life. This remark we are 
sorry to believe is more applicable to former times, than to 
the present. A redundancy of money exerts a deleterious 
influence on the mind, as well as body, of many a young 
man. Instances of this sort, are too obvious, and too nu- 
merous, not to be felt with regret. 

The statute of 1788 was an important act, in relation to 
primary schools. It placed them on a firm basis. Fisher 
Ames, having commenced his brilliant career, led the way 
in procuring this enactment. He was, through life, not 
only a distinguished pairon of literature, but an active pro- 
moter of the education of the young. 

Not only pecuniary provision was made to carry out ef- 
fectually this act, but other auxiliary measures were adopted. 
The clergymen were considered, ex officio, supervisors of 
schools. This town has ever been highly favored in this 
respect. We call to remembrance the Rev. Mr. Lane, the 
Kev. Mr. Leonard, and their successors in both societies, 
(the most of whom are still living,) who have exerted their 
influence in promoting the prosperity of schools. Mr. Leon- 
ard labored not only as a pastor, but, for some years, as a 
teacher of schools, and an instructor of young men, in pre- 
paring them for college. Rev. Dr. Bond was unwearied in his 
efforts to promote the improvement of the young. He pre- 
pared, with much labor, a series of lectures, which were de- 
signed more especially for young men. Not only the young 
men, but a great portion of the inhabitants generally, turned 
out to hear these lectures. Their influence, like leaven, is felt 
to this moment. A committee was chosen, yearly, by the 
town, to visit schools, in connection with the clergymen. 
This committee usually visited the schools but once in the 
year, and that was at the close of the winter term. All the 
parents of each district, with very few exceptions, attended, 



130 HISTOBICAL SKETCH OP 

wlion these visits were made. The influence was cheering 
and salutary on the children. The acts which have since 
been passed, are a confirmation of this practice, requiring the 
visits to be more frequent. In regard to government and 
discipline, there has been a change, which is considered to 
be an improvement. It is a dictate of humanity that corpo- 
real correction should not be practised, excepting in cases 
where subordination absolutely demands it. The observ- 
ance of judicious rules, in a common school, is as necessary 
to promote its high end, as in any other useful institution. 
When this fails, a pernicious moral influence is the unhappy 
result. From long observation, we believe there has been 
more deficiency in point of discipline, than in any other par- 
ticular. 

We find, that soon after Leicester Academy was char- 
tered, wliich was in 1781, Sturbridge furnished the Institu- 
tion with a liberal share of the pupils. Prominent among 
them, were the children of the Xe wells, the Paines, the 
Marcys, the Coreys, the Plimptons, the Aliens, the Curtises, 
the Fiskes, and the Hardings. Many of them becaine dis- 
tinguished in public life. Such facts evince a laudable 
spirit, and a laudable attention to early instruction. It will 
be noticed, as an era of memorable distinction, in the life of 
Col. Crafts, that he was the founder of Leicester Academy. 
As trustee of that Institution, he was succeeded by Gen. 
Newell. 

The common school is designed to prepare, in elementary 
instruction, the great body of the community, for the every- 
day business transactions of life, and to lay the foundation 
for other useful information. For this purpose, it embraces 
every class of the community, excepting the learned profes- 
sions, and those whose pursuits n)ay require more scien- 
tific knowledge than is to be acquired in theconmion school. 
The common school is su(Hci»Mit to accomplish an object so 
expansive in its contemplations. The elementary branches 
taught, are reading, pronunciation, orthography, writing, 



STUEBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 131 

arithmetic, geography, and English grammar. A thorough 
knowledge of these branches is sufficient for the purposes 
above stated. There is no period, or condition in life, in 
which there should be contentment with present literary 
attainments. The common school is also designed to incul- 
cate those moral and religious principles, which are intended 
to mould the character for individual and social happiness. 
The more its high purposes are contemplated, the more we 
are impressed with its importance, and with the foresight, 
and wisdom of our ancestors. 

On the common school, rests, in no small degree, the per- 
petuity of our republican government. One of the principal 
securities of despotism, is the ignorance of the community. 
Very closely allied, are science and rational liberty. They 
mutnally support and perpetuate each other. Rational re- 
ligion and rational devotion reject all communion with ig- 
norance. Ignorance, instead of being the " mother of devo- 
tion," with much more propriety, can be called the mother 
of superstition and persecution. She has been one of the 
powerful agents in fattening the soil with the blood of mar- 
tyrs. It mast always be borne in mind, that to leaim how to 
get a living, is one of the most essential branches of edu- 
cation. 

The primary school has its appropriate sphere of useful- 
ness. The Sabbath School contemplates another indispen- 
sable department of instruction. Both are in a manner 
hardly perceptible in their operation, working out momen- 
tous results, and are the strongest securities of civil liberty. 
The chief Book for the Sabbath School is the Bible, the in- 
exhaustable fountain, the infallible source of wisdom. The 
contemplation of its priceless and sublime truths can hardly 
fail of exerting a happy influence on the youthful mind, 
designed to shape its course unerringly through this world, 
and upward to a state of endless fruition. 

As the Sabbath School. has, for a period of more than 
thirty years, been exerting an important and extensive in- 



132 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF ST[JRBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 

fliience on moral and religions character, we snbjoin a 
sketch in relation to its origin and progress. Robert Raikes, 
ofCiicat Britain, is entitled to the iionor of its paternity. 
Like leaven, its influence has been noiselessly at work, de- 
veloping the most salutary efTects. The commencement of 
a sciiool of this kind in Sinrbridge, bears date about the 
year 1S20. A few children were collected together, during 
the intermission, on the Sabbath, arranged in classes with 
teachers, and recited short lessons from the Bible and cate- 
chism, which they had committed to memory. 

The school gradually increased in numbers and interest, 
from year to year, until it presented a systematic organized 
establishment. Question books, to render the instruction 
more methodical, and libraries, to increase the interest, were 
introduced. When it was not convenient for the children 
to attend in the church. Sabbath St-hools were held in the 
remote parts of the town. Lay members of the churches, 
in the Brookfield Association, were appointed to visit the 
schools throughout the Association once a year. This ar- 
rangement was very successfully practised several years. 
Improvements may unqestionably be still made in Sabbath 
School instruction. The young, possessing so many invit- 
ing attractions,, will ahvays; in an enlightened community, 
enlist a deep interest. 



REMARKS UPOX FOREST TREES, 

BURYING GROUNDS, HIGHWAYS, <fec. 



Forest trees claim our particular attention. They present 
not only scenery grand and beautiful in a countless variety 
of forms, but are indispensable for support and comfort. 
When their value is fully realized, there is little danger of 
bestowing too much attention on their growth and preserva- 
tion. Forty years ago, the supply of wood for fuel, and 
other necessary purposes, was abundant. From that time 
to the present, the quantity has been reduced more than 
half, and the price more than doubled. The great blow of 
ISIO, prostrated many of our best wood lots. The land of 
most of them has been converted to other uses. This, to- 
gether with the increased demand for fuel and lumber, is 
one cause of the great reduction. We may add, a want of 
due care in its preservation, as another. At the period 
above mentioned, good hard wood, at the door, might be 
purchased, at eight and nine shillings per cord. We must 
be allowed to say, that the ax has been a little too freely 
used to be consistent with economy and judicious husband- 
ry. We are not aware, that a remark of this sort is appli- 
cable to the management of our farms in other respects. 
There seems to have been an impression, that there was no 
danger of diminishing the growth of wood too much. Al- 
though the best timber has been cut off, judicious manage- 

12 



134 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

raent will do much towards restoring a necessary supply. 
Observation lias tauglit ns, that much of our thin soil can- 
not be more profitably used, than by allowing a new growth 
to spring up, after the wood has been cut off, and continu- 
ing it as a wood lot. It has been remarked that a young 
growth s'loots up rapidly, on this kind of land. In cutting 
the large trees, where it is not intended to clear the lot, 
great care should be observed, in regard to the saplings or 
young trees. Who has not noticed with regret the unneces- 
sary havoc and waste resulting from a want of due care 1 
The destruction of a portion of the young trees, is some- 
times almost inevitable. We remember very well, even 
when wood was plenty, the caution that was observed, in 
this particular, by some farmers. Every young tree, espe- 
cially, if handsome, must stand unharmed. The cattle 
were forbidden to make any depredations in wood lots. We 
would further romark as it respects home use, and the mark- 
et for the sale of wood, more of our land may be converted 
into wood land, and a sulficiency remain for tillage and pas- 
turage. Who is not gratified, in witnessing a neat thriilty 
wood lot, and rambling an hour, occasionally, in a forest? 
How congenial with delightful and sublime meditations ? 

The former variety of trees in our Ibrests, mostly, if not 
entirely, still exists. Wc have five or six species of the 
oak, two of the ma})le, two of the ash and the chestnut, 
two of the walnut, two of the birch, the elm, the butternut, 
the pine, and some others. The oak furnishes materials for 
three very valuable purposes — viz : for fuel, for building, 
and for lanning. The same may be said of the hemlock. 
The rock-maple was formerly, principally depended upon 
for sugar and molasses. The walnut, chesttuit, and butter- 
nut superadd materials very acceptable at our firesides and 
social interviews. Nuts and apples were the principal 
treats at neighborly visits, in early times. The pine is a 
tree of beautiful symmeiry, and, as an evergreen, almost un- 
rivalled. The rock-maple, having a luxuriant and rich fo- 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 135 

Siage, is an excellent shade tree. The upland ash is a neat 
symmetrical tree, of beautiful foliage. The elm is the mon- 
arch of our ornamental trees. Those, in the center village, 
must be almost coeval with the first settlement of the town. 
Generation after generation has witnessed them still ex- 
panding and towering in stately grandeur. There lei them 
stand in their increasing greatness, the noble inheritance 
of many future generations. 

Good taste, comfort, and pleasure, demand increased at- 
tention to ornamental trees about our houses, and in our 
villages. They are the beautiful decorations of nature, and 
always attract with pleasure the notice of the traveler 
and visitor. Trifling, indeed, is the expense of such rich 
and durable ornaments. Highly commendable is the pre- 
vailing taste, in thus beautifying the depositories of the 
dead. How congenial with the feelings is the beautiful 
and refreshing grove, and how suitable to those hallowed 
spots, where we love to linger and revive sweet, though 
mournful recollections, of those quiet sleepers. The grove 
seems to shelter them from the angry blasts and raging 
tempests. It is well calculated to foster, and perpetuate the 
best feelings of our nature, as well as the endearing remem- 
brance of relatives and friends. 

The old burying ground in Sturbridge is one of those 
cherished spots of remembrance. It contains the ashes of 
those hardy pioneers, who first laid the ax at the roots of 
an unbroken forest. Tiie changes through which they 
passed, their joint toils and conflicts, their joys and sorrows, 
must have rendered their homes, and the very soil, pecu- 
liarly dear to them. This was the spot selected and pre- 
pared by them for their final resting place. There rest 
Mr. Dennison, and his worthy companion, the first female 
born in town. There sleeps Col. Marcy, who was the most 
prominent man in the first organization of the town. There 
rest from their labors the Rev. Nathan Rice, the Rev. 
Joshua Paine, and the Rev. Otis Lane, the three first settled 



136 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

ministers of the parish in Sturbridge. Tiicre sleep very 
many of that hand of stcrHng and self-denying men, who 
fonght and bled, not only for themselves, bnt for posterity. 
There lie many of the original settlers, who were, no doubt, 
worthy and industrions townsmen, without a monument to 
designate their sleeping dust. Let it remain a hallowed 
spot, untouched by the hand of violence. Let the evergreen 
be a perpetual emblem of the freshness with which their 
memories are cherished. 

The neiu burying ground, (so called,) was purchased by 
the town in the year 182(3, or 1827. As to its situation, 
and the nature of the soil, it is a pleasant and desirable lo- 
cality for the mansions of the dead. Many repose there, 
wlio, a few years since, mingled with us in the busy scenes 
and social endearments of life. They are remembered as 
venerated men, as fond parents, as companions united by 
the most tender relation, and as children, very dear to the 
parental heart. How desirable that a spot, so often alluring 
thither our hearts and footsteps, should be made increasingly 
attractive by appropriate beauties of nature and art? There 
reposes the Rev. Zenas L. Leonard, the first settled minister 
of the Baptist society, in Sturbridge. There lie the remains 
of the venerated Dr. Jacob (,'orey, the elder. This ground 
is beautified with many handsome and well wrought mon- 
uments, reviving afresh names and wortli not to be forgot- 
ten. The old burying ground carries us back to scenes, 
events, and characters, of wliich we are attempting an ad- 
ditional memorial ; the 7iew more forcibly reminds us al- 
most daily, that we sliall soon be the companions of in- 
aniinalc dust. 



KKMAKKS ON HIGHWAYS. 

The Worcester and Stafford Turnpike-lload was com- 
pleted in 1812. It proved, for a scries of years, to be of 
public utility. A route was opened by it from the cast to 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 137 

the south, through the center of Sturbi'idge. Stage-coaches 
well sustained by passengers ran daily each way, conveying 
the United States mail. Daring the war of 1812, (so call- 
ed,) it was a great thoroughfare for the transportation of the 
munitions of war. Here might be seen, at all times of the 
day, the huge Pennsylvania team, bearing a load almost suf- 
ficient to freight a common sloop. Nor was it uncommon 
to see Kentucky horsemen, performing on horse-back, a 
journey of hundreds of miles. It is a little marvelous, that 
the discovery had not been made, even at the late peiiod 
when this road was located, that it is much easier to master 
a hill by a circuitous, than by a direct course over its sum- 
mit. This road is a striking illustration of the old theory, 
now exploded. Perhaps we may account for it, in some de- 
gree, on the ground, that the course of our ancestors was al- 
ways upward. Modern obstacles would not have been re- 
garded as such by them. There is no doubt, that an undulat- 
ing high- way is favorable, both as it respects the fatigue and 
durability of the animal. It must be conceded that the 
change, in this respect, is an important improvement. The 
abundance of travel, on this road, gave to the central village, 
as well as to many others, an air of thrift and enterprise. The 
public-house, in the center of the town, v/as well patron- 
ised, for a long period, and a profitable establishment. 
About the year 1S12, Messrs. Burt and Merrick succeeded 
Abijah Brown, as keepers of this house, and they were 
succeeded by D. K. Porter, Esq. and Mr. Porter, by Mr. 
Cromwell Bullard. All these gentlemen had an interest in 
the stages. This interest, in connection with the avails of 
the house, rendered the concern profitable, and was conduct- 
ed in an acceptable manner to the public. The establish- 
ment furnished a profitable market for the farmers. 

The new highway from the center, to Southbridge, shun- 
ning Fisk-Hill, was built in 1839, at an expense, a little 
exceeding $5000. It has evidently been a great public im- 
provement. The traveler, for a little more ease, foregoes 
12* 



188 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

the pleasiiie of an admirable landscapo, spread out before 
him, in passing over Fisk-Hill. Within twenty years, the 
higlnvays have been greatly improved, in'changes of loca- 
tion and mode of construction. The public begin to be 
aware that practical skill is requisite to repair, or make a 
good road. 

The introduction of ra:l-roads left a multitude of the 
country villages in rather a discouraging state of business. 
This las been their effect on the center village of Stur- 
bridgc and vicinity, but an enterprising spirit will gradually 
overcome such discouragements. It does not follow, be- 
cause this great change has operated thus unfavorably, for 
a while, at least, on particular localiiics, that it will not 
prove a great public benefit. The effect of rail-roads 
is, not only greater dispatch, and less expense in trav- 
elling and transportation, but an equalization of the val- 
ue of the products and resources of the country, and a 
more familiar acquaintance with its various parts. Equal- 
ity, in value of the products of the country, is compatible 
with the general good. The more familiar the acquain- 
tance with the various interests of the country, the safer, 
and easier the transaction of business; and we may confi- 
dently calculate, the more secure the Union. By this great 
change the permanent wealth of the country is greatly en- 
hanced. Indiscreet locations there unquestionably have 
been. They have multiplied faster than the interests of 
the country have warranted. 

MINERALS. 

An extensive bed of plumbago, in the southerly part of 
the town, is worthy of notice. The grounds, containing this 
mineral, arc owned by Mr. Tudor of Bo.ston. The mine 
has been considerably wrought, and has undoubtedly been 
a source of profit to the proprietor. From ten to twenty 
hands are usually employed. This spot has attractions for 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 139 

visitors; not for its beauties, for it has none, but for wliat is 
totally of an opposite character. Here the visitor may wend 
his way tiirongh long, dark and deep avenues, wrought out 
by the miners, under pendent rocks, rough, and as ragged 
as he can possibly imagine, every moment threatening his 
destruction. 

Soon after the working of the mine was in progress, two 
young men were killed, and several others injured by the 
caving in of an immense mass of rocks. No serious acci- 
dent has since occurred. The process of obtaining the lead, 
is by breaking the rocks in pieces, where it is found in 
strata, or veins. Not unfrequently masses of pure lead are 
found, weighing ten, twenty, and sometimes fifty pounds. 
Since Mr. Tudor has been the owner, the quantity obtained, 
for twenty years in succession, has averaged- about twenty 
tons annually. There is another mine of plumbago in Stur- 
bridge, on the farm of Capt. Lyman Morse. It is probably 
extensive, and judging from the polish it gives to stoves, it 
is of superior quality. 

Some years since, iron oar was dug to some extent, and 
made a business of some profit. It is now suspended, if not 
abandoned. 

This town is well supplied with .stones and rocks for the 
constructing of fences, bridges, and the necessary purposes 
of buildings. 

The greenstone, said to be one of tiie most durable kinds 
of rock, abounds in the south-westerly part of the town. 
The time may come when they may be brought more exten- 
sively into use. 

Few towns are more highly favored, with rills, brooks, 
and ponds, than Sturbridge. Sturbridge has not less than 
five ponds of various sizes, and convenijently located for the 
inhabitants, in the several sections of the town. They yield 
an abundant supply of [choice fish, at all seasons of the 
year. The trout is found in many of our brooks. These 
ponds are beautiful sheets of water, surrounded by forests 



140 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

and rural scenery. It was formerly a custom of the inhabi- 
tants, on certain days in the Autumn, to gather about these 
ponds to enjoy a season of festivity and amusement. Pork, 
fish, green corn, crackers and cider, composed tlie bill 
of fare. Although not much particularity was regarded, in 
preparing them for the palate, nothing could relish better. 
These festivities were seasoned with toasts, jokes, and an 
abundance of other sorts of pleasantry. After the enjoy- 
ments of the table were closed, some exhibited their adroit- 
ness in swimming, some in pitching quoits, and all as their 
fancy dictated. All quit, at a seasonable hour, much grati- 
fied This gathering was caiiod, a Squaiitiim ; a name, no 
doubt, of Indian origin, and, in sound, very much in keep- 
ing with the character of the occasion. 

Something must be said of the Quiueboag, of which we 
feel some degree of pride. Although a small river, it is not 
surpassed in beauty and utility. Taking its rise in Union, 
it flows along in a meandering course, through Holland, a 
corner of Brimfield, through the width of Sturbridge, form- 
ing the boundary, some distance, between Sturbridge and 
South bridge, and the boundary between Southbridge and 
Charlton, and Southbridge and Dudley. It then enters 
Connecticut, passing down a delightful valle}'", until it min- 
gles its waters with the Thames. Its whole extent is about 
sixty or seventy miles. It furnishes a imaiber of water 
privileges in Holland, one in Brimfield, not less than four 
in Sturbridge, eight or ten in Southbridge, and others, al- 
most in an equal proportion through Connecticut. Through- 
out its whole length, the greatest portion of these excellent 
water privileges is now occupied by mechanical and man- 
ufacturing establishments, beautified with almost countless 
villages, where the hum of industry and the spirit of enter- 
prise constantly meet the eye and car. All this has been 
accomplished within about forty years. It would be a 
gratifying result to ascertain the number of persons em- 
ployed, and the amount invested in these establishments. 



STTJEBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 141 

It is believed, it would fully confirm our assertions in rela- 
tion to the utility of this river. The industrious foreigner, 
as well as the American, finds encouragement for industry. 

Jn regard to the scenery of this river, it is not of that bold 
and imposing grandeur which is beheld with admiration on 
some of our large rivers, but its beauties are of a milder as- 
pect. The admirer of such scenery, will find himself richly 
rewarded in surveying what even this river presents. He 
may behold it now skirting, in a rutandering course, an 
overhanging forest ; now stealiiig its way through a dense 
grove; now gliding along through a verdant valley ; now 
dashing over beds of rocks; then falling over dams, exhib- 
iting resplendent sheets of pearls, and constantly varied, 
and varying in its progress. The painter may here find 
ample scope for the ingenuity and skill of his pencil. We 
could designate among many, a charming retreat below 
Col. Wight's mills. It exhibits a delightful view of blended 
water, meadow and forest scenery. After one has been 
overwhelmed with the grandeur of the cataract, it is a grate- 
ful transition of the feelings to turn the eye on a scene like 
this. 

How admirably has the Creator adapted his works, not 
only to the support and convenience of man, but to the 
highest gratification of his imagination. If Sturbridge and 
Southbridge are siu'passed by many towns in the Common- 
wealtli, in fertility and productiveness of soil, they have few 
rivals in rural scenery. 



AGRICULTURE. 



No one doubts that agriculture, and whatever is connect- 
ed with its improvement, is of the first importance. Its 
origin is commensurate wiiii the primeval existence of man. 
It has flourished in a greater, or less degree, according to 
the state of civihzation. Human subsistence, and the re- 
sults of every useful enterprise, are chiefly indebted to, and 
dependent upon this interest. Wherever it has prospered, 
the other departments of useful industry have generally, if 
not uniformly, been in a correspondent degree of prosperity. 
Although the Roman nation, in its palmy days, was em- 
phatically a military people, adding conquest to conquest, 
Agriculture was deemed of too much consequence to be ne- 
glected. Her matchless bard could sing in lofty and thrill- 
ing strains, of the exploits of heroes, and of the mighty work 
of founding a nation; and in numbers equally moving, of 
rural life, of the arts of the husbr.ndman, and of the manner 
of treating mother earth, to enable her to be fruitful. Cin- 
cinnatus, a name almost as familiar to ns as one of our 
brightest sons, could cheerfully resign the highest public 
trust, to literally follow the plough. The same may be said 
of many an illustrious Roman commander. It was to them 
no less honorable to wield the plough than the sword. 
The example was powerful in its influence. We have an 
example still more illustrious, in our own Washington. 
Who does not know that it was his cherished desire to quit 



HISTOEICAL SKETCH OF STURBEIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 143 

the highest public responsibilities, to attend to the cultiva- 
tion of the soil 7 We have also our Webster, the Marsh- 
field farmer, as well as the pre-eminent statesman and jurist. 
He loved the farm, and to be among flocks and herds. 
The occupation of the farmer is not only honorable, but pre- 
ferable to all others in promoting health. Observation has 
established the fact of its superiority for health, and a vig- 
orous physical constitution. The farmer is not at all par- 
ticular, in regard to his diet, or in any fear that his digestive 
organs will not faithfully and ably perform their appropri- 
ate functions. Rarely is he annoyed with dyspepsia and 
its brood of evils. 

During the French, and more especially during the Rev- 
olutionary war, very little progress was made in agricul- 
tural improvements. The struggles for conquest, and es- 
pecially for independence, rendered the neglect of agricul- 
ture inevitable. As soon as the soldier's armor could be 
safely put off, the implements of husbandry were cheerfully 
resumed. The soil, but recently in its virgin state, required 
less additional nutriment to render it productive. The im- 
plements of husbandry were then limited in kinds, and in a 
rude state of workmanship. Most of the farmers, with a 
little aid from the blacksmith, were their own manufac- 
turers of the utensils for husbandry. The workmanship of 
the plough, and the cart requiring more skill, was a more 
exclusive occupation. Necessity compelled them to turn 
their hands to such diversity of labors. This necessity de- 
veloped ingenuity, and prepared them for improvements. 
They were not satisfied with the old beaten path. They 
well knew there was meaning in the homely saying, " a 
jack at all trades is skillfnl in none." Hence the various 
branches of mechanism became gradually separate pursuits; 
and great improvements were the result. The ax, sixty 
years ago, although it possessed very little beauty, or sym- 
metry, performed wonderful execution in the hands of our 
ancestors. Ten cords of wood a day, in he forest, was not 



144 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

an nnnsiial day's work. Modern wood-choppers would feel 
quite satisfied witii themselves, if they performed half as 
much. The pitchfork, now in use, is a brilliant, well pro- 
portioned instrument, A stick, with a natural crook, was 
formerly selected for a scythe snath. It was heavy, and 
uncouth in its appearance. Now we have the well propor- 
tioned, liandsomeiy wrought instrument. Notwithstanding 
the improvements, so well adapted to degeneracy in physi- 
cal strength, our ancestors would overmatch us in the 
amount of labor performed, even with their implements. 
Hence improvements in utensils of this sort, have become 
doubly necessary. 

The plough holds the first rank in point of importance. 
Its indispensable and extensive utility gives it superior 
claims on ingenuity for improvement, to any other instru- 
ment. We remember that three and four yoke of oxen 
(not quite twelve, as in the days of Elisha) were required 
for the old breaking up plough. A specimen of the old 
breaking up plough, made in 1780, is now in the possession 
of Col. David Wight. The first owner was his grand- 
father, David Wight. Dimensions — beam, 6 1-2 feet, han- 
dles, 5 1-2 feet, mould board, 3 inches thick, and 2 feet 2 
inches in length. The handles at the ends, spread 3 feet. 
The bottom of the coulter unites with the point of the share. 
AH wood, excepting the coulter and share. It now appears 
to be perfectly sound. At the ploughing match in 1850 or 51 
in this town, it was brought out from its place of retirement 
to the field of competition, drawn by two yoke of oxen, and 
held by a colored man by the name of Samuel Welden, up- 
wards of 80 years of age. It was highly gratifying to the 
venerable old man, to show how furrows were cut sixty 
years ago, Comparisjg this plough with those of the pre- 
sent day, the contrast is a striking illustration of the im- 
provement in this implement. 

Slurbridge contains a variety of soil. Some portions of 
it, strong and productive, other portions light, but more fea- 



STRUBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 145 

sible. It lias ever required industry, which has character- 
ised the people of Stiul)ridge. A sufficiency of wheat, for 
nearly a century, was raised in town to snpply the inhabi- 
tants. When they couhJ lie abundantly supplied from 
abroad, with flour, at five or six dollars per barrel, it was 
found to be more profitable to cultivate something else in 
lien of it. The present price, eleven and twelve dollars 
per barrel, should it long continue, may induce them to re- 
sume I lie culiivation of wheat. The flour produced from 
our soil, would not sufier in comparison with any from 
abroad, in point of flavor, or richness. Our light soil is very 
well adapted to the growdi of rye, and for the labor bestow- 
ed, yields a generous crop. The same may be said of 
indiaii corn and potatoes. Since the occurrence of the un- 
accountable blight, the potatoe has been much less affected 
by it on this kind of soil. The cause of this disease has 
hitherto biiffled all investigation, and has greatly reduced 
the crop, during eiglit or ten years past. For two or three 
years last past, it has been less distructive in its ravages, 
although the potatoe the present year, 1S54, in Sturbridge, 
is one dollar per bushel. Within thirty years, they have 
been sold as low as 12 1-2 cents per bushel. The usual 
price, before the appearance of this destroyer, was twenty 
five cents per bushel. ''1 he crop of oats has fallen below 
what it was twenty-five, or thirty years ago. The cause 
demands scientific investigation. The crop of Indian corn 
on tlie same quantity of land, although more manure is re- 
quired, is equal to what it formerly was. The farmer be- 
gins to realize that his profiis depend, not so much on the 
extent of his fields, as on cultivation. This will become 
more and more a practical truth. It is obviously a waste 
of time to cultivate two acres of land, when almost equal 
profiis miglit be obtained from one. The hay from our np- 
laiuls has not depreciated in quality, but it is not so in re- 
gard to the product of our meadows, in quality and quanti- 
ty. Most of them were formerly riclily clad with foul 
13 



146 HISTORICAL SKRTCII OF 

moadovr, a I^incl of grnss wliich made vnlnablo hay- Tliis 
grass foriiiorly .so Inxuiianr, in iho vallry of the Ilobbs 
brook, has in this locality greatly diiniiiishcd. but not so 
much so as in other pans of the town. These meadows 
Iiav(! a rich bottom, and arecapalde of being asain made 
very prodneiive. The value of meadow mud for manure, 
is beginning to be realized. 

The land in Southbiidge, for all 'agricultural purposes is 
superior to that of iSiinhndge. For the dairy, for fattening 
cattle, and for tillage, it lakes the lead of Sturbridge. Stnr- 
bridge stands well in regard to butler. As it regards the 
flavor, the grass of <-»ur light pasture land is quite as favora- 
ble as any otln-r. We may with propriety, say the same 
of those w!io have tlie charge of the dairy. As it respects 
swine, whether the pork JKirrcl be consulted, or the market^ 
Siurbridge, from early days, has uniformly held a respecta- 
ble standiiicr. If the pork barrel by some unlucky occur- 
rence, beconies empty, ilic fact is carefully concealed. A 
commendable p.ride is manifested Iiere in showinsr iiandsome 
well fatiened swine. This animal, if he has generous treat- 
ment, never fails to be equally generous in the returns he 
makes. He not only constitutes an essential part of the 
viands of the table, lint gives them all an agreeable zest. 
lie also perfi)rnis his |iart well in aiding the products of the 
garden, the fiuitery, and the cornfield. His liberty is very 
much more rcstraineil than in former days, which is, in 
every lespect, a conimendable improvement. 

Formerly the sheep was considered as indispensable as 
the swine, the ox, and the cow. Our pastures were every 
where decorated w iih this tiseful animal. It is not so now. 
Here and there we occasionally witness a small group of 
the descendants of tl.csc ancient settlers, which performed 
so generous a part in feeding and clothing our fathers. A 
flock of nimiixed native sheep, wouhJ be a welcome curi- 
osity. The introdiietion of a new race, has rendered our 
wardrobes more beautiful, but not more substantial, or du- 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTIIBRIDGE. 147 

rablc. As an element fur food, ilic oUi slock li:'s ihc profor- 
ence. Soon after the change, winch comnienrcd between 
thirty and forty ye^irs ngo, sheep were ninhi[)lied u}ore than 
ten-fold. Some of the farmers could nnmher their hun- 
dreds. Ill many instances tlie growih of sheep chiimed al- 
most Ills exchisive attention. Extremes of this sort arc ge- 
nerally of short duration. Now, as before remarked, sheep 
have almost disappeared among lis. ^VilCther they can i)e 
pronta!)ly increased, is a question for the farmer to settle. 
Our hills and valleys have lost some of their most iiiviiing 
attractions since tliey have been so greatly din;inished. 
The same may be said of our tal)Ies. Tlie delicious, well 
fattened muitoii is now a rare gratification. It formerly 
held a place on the table equal to the choicest beef. 

We are informed by l)ea. John Philhps of this town, and 
Dr. Hamant of Union, that an Agricultural Socii'iy existed 
in this town about t!io conmiencement of the present cen- 
tury. The Rev. Z. L. Leonard was president, and David 
Wight Jr. Esq. secretary, during some period of its exist- 
ence. Dea. Phillips, Oliver Plimpton Ksq. Abner Lyon, 
Josiah Walker, and Naihaniel Walker, arc remembered to 
have been members of this society. It held mecjiings to 
confer together in relation to agriculture. It is also remem- 
bered that one of the questions for consideraiion, was the 
quality and kind of seeds, and for what products the soil 
was best adapted. There is no doubt, their investigations 
embraced whatever is connected wuli agriculture. How 
long it was in operation we arc not iuformi'd. Allusion is 
hero made to it, to show the early and continued interest 
tiiiiformly manifesied in this all important branch of indus- 
try. The clergyman, as well as the layman, was, at that 
period, a practical farmer. An anecdoie, somewhat pithy, 
is related of the Rev. Mr. Paine and his hired man. Mr. 
Paine liued to see business move on briskly. He went to 
the field where his man was hoeing, and a liiilc too moder- 
ately, as Mr. Paine thought. The man bad commenced, 



148 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

and nmdc some procrrnss in his row, Mr. Pniic commenced 
anollior, soon reached, and soon distanced him. The man 
cried ont to Mr. Paine, who was movinu; on with wonderful 
speed, "il//-. Paine r^ Mr. Paine suddenly stopped and 
inqnired what he wanted. The man exchiimcd, "if you 

CHEAT THE COI{\, THE COItN WILL CHE.^T YOU." Mr. Paltie 

afterwards, in speaking of this trivial occurrence, said it 
was a profitable lesson to him. He was very well aware, 
in endeavoring to set his workman an example, he h:msclf 
had '-cheated the corn." 

It is probable this society was organized soon after the in- 
corporation of the first Massachusetts Agricnliural Society, 
which was in 1792. 

Tiic Worcester County Agricnltr,.-^.! Society was incorpo- 
rated in iSlS. 

The payment of ^."5 constituted membership. Individu- 
als from most, if not all the towns in the County, became 
members. The interest manifested at the first Cattle Show 
in the town of Worcester, promised success and utility to 
the enterprise. This interest has been well sustained up to 
the present time. The exhibitions, in the various depart- 
ments of agriculture, have been constantly iiicreasing, each 
succeeding year. It enabled farmers and other gentlemen 
to beconje better acquainted with each other, and with the 
state of agriculture ihrougbonl the (yonnty. D^istinguished 
individuals from abroad encouraged it by their presence. 
The ploughing match, and other exorcises of the team, have 
uniformly excited a lively interest. At these shows, the 
visitor is gratified with a view of a great variety of choice 
animals, not only of our own CoMiiiy, but from otlirr por- 
tions of the state. Here also he witnesses a large collection 
of agricultural implements, and each .succeeding year some 
new specimens of ingeiniity. Here too arc the fabrics of 
our cotton and woolen mills, which will not sull'er in com- 
parison with foreign skill. Here, in short, an^ the countless 
varieties of products from our lidds. gardens and fruiicries. 



STURBRIEGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 149 

The prosperity and iiiflaoiice of this society may be traced, 
in a high dci^ree, to the exertions of the present Gov. Liiicohi. 
The late Gov. Linoohi, his father, was the first president of 
the Society. He was an extensive land- holder, and encour- 
aged agricnltnro by his practical example. He was fami- 
liarly called, ^'' Fcu-iner hinc.oln^'' a title which he no donbt 
valued as liighly as any which the Commonwealth and his 
Country liad conferred upon him. 'I'he present Gov. Lin- 
coln, succeeded his father as ])residcnf, and held the office 
we believe, more than twenty y(;ars. He infused into the 
society his own energetic spirit, and was, in truth, the mas- 
ter spirit of the society. It is probable that neither father, 
! or son, felt a deeper interest in the various other high 
trusts to which they were elevated than in this 

The commencement' of the presini SturbridgeFair, was a 
gathering of the farmers and others in the Autumn of 1S42, 
for the purpose of awakening more interest in husbandry 
and the mechanic arts. They brought together their best 
oxen and other handsome animals. The Sliow was impos- 
ing, and to many new, and excited a gratifying curiosity. 
It was a pleasant occasion for examination and remarks, 
in relation to the qualities of the various animals. It passed 
off so much to the satisfaction of all present, as to encour- 
age another attempt the next year. The succeeding year 
it assumed a more systen)atic organization, A desire was 
soon manifested in the adjacent towns, to unite with Stur- 
bridge, in promoting the interest of the Fair, Here we 
would make the gratifying remark, that tlie several towns 
united in this enterprise, have advanced harmoniously to- 
gether, ('heerfully encouraging and sustaining it, A requi- 
site number of officers were appointed, and other suitable 
regulations were made. ISimeon A, Drake was the first 
president, and the Rev. Mr. Cutting of Souihbridge deliv- 
ered the first address. By the third year, it had all the 
forms and arrangements of a regidarly organized Agricul- 
tural Society. A department was provided to receive spe- 
13* 



150 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

cimons oftlie dairy, of the prodnclioiis of the field, the gar- 
dei), the frtiitery ; also of the manufactory, the mechanic 
arts, and the handi-work of the ladies. To the ladies, the 
remark is dne, tliat they have manifested a laudable spirit, 
in promoting the prosperity of the enterprise, and in giving it 
a lively inti^rest by their presence, and the specimens of their 
ingenuity. Success could hardly be expected, without such 
cheering encouragement. The name, Fair, could not with 
propriety be applied to the society, without their presence. 
The profifsand quahty of the dairy, are alsoduc to their skill 
and attention. Tiie flavor of the butler in this town and 
section of country, will not suffer in comparison wiih that 
of any other section, not excepting the celebrated Orange 
County butter. The cow has always held a high rank in 
sustaining human life. It was a promment recommenda- 
tion of the promised land, that it flowed with milk and 
honey. What is there better adapted to the growth and 
health of children, than milk? and what more palatable, 
and nutritious to the adult, than the old fashioned dish of 
bread, apple and milk ? Hence the importance of such 
treatment to the cow, as will enable her to make generous 
returns in quantity and quality. There has evidently been, 
within a quarter of a century, great improvement in the 
cow, in point of beauty and profit. The man who keeps 
only one, is not satisfied with mere mediocrity. 

Within the same period, much more attention than for- 
merly has been paid to the size, symmetry, training, and es- 
pecially to the matching of o.xcn. In New-England, liie 
labors of the ox on the farm are indispensable. This docile, 
noble animal is entitled to kind and liberal treatment in the 
pasture, in the stall, and in the performance of his useful 
labors. Harsh and violent treatment, in discipline, is rarely 
necessary. The skillful and humane teamster avoids it if 
possible. The same remark is applicable to the horse, even 
if he be restive and refractory. The ploughing match is an 
attractive part in the Show, always gathering a large circle 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 151 

of curious spectators; it exhibits the skill of the ploughniaa 
as well as the training of the team. Exercise on the cart, 
requiring moro muscukir power, equally developes ihc iraiii- 
iiig. In the contest, care should be strictly observed that 
the animal is not urged beyond his strength. This is espe- 
cially to be regarded, as all the exercises of the team are 
exciting. The preparation of the animal, for competition 
of this sort, is a preparation for general utility. The figure 
and general appearance of oxen, ara objects of curiosity and 
particular attention at the public shows. Hencs we may 
calculate on the advantage to be derived from them in this 
branch of industry. A selectioti of the choicest animals, in 
point of beauty and profit, is always made for exhibition. 
The effect is a laudable spirit of rivalry, excited and kept 
in lively exercise by the annual return of the public exhi- 
bitions. 

The horse, uniting groat beauty with qualities for exten- 
sive usefulness, holds an elevated rank in the family of do- 
mestic animals. It niay be doubted, whether in this rcsp.cct, 
he has a superior. He performs his part faithfully and 
nobly for men in all the varied conditions of hfe. He is the 
pride of the man who moves in state, as well as the humb- 
lest individual. The principal use of the liorse, for more 
than a century after the settlement of this country, was for 
the saddle. Qualifications for this purpose were chiefly 
sought. Long journeys were performed by both sexes on 
horseback. The horse was a brave, and an indispensible 
co-helper in the achievement of our independence. Thrice 
arduous would have been Washington's task without his 
trusty steed. 

What more attractive, than a cavalcade, or a company of 
cavalry performing its evolutions in martial style? With- 
out the presence of this majestic animal, the show would 
be deprived of one of its crowning attractions. The spec- 
tacle would be highly gratifying to witness some of our dig- 
nified fathers, clad in the costume of their day, moving 



152 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

gracefully on the Iioise. If ihc cliaiigc in the mode of (rav- 
eling is n)orc agreeable lo case, it is very doiiblful wlioilier 
it is so as to health and vigor. The horse has not degen- 
erated in size or heanty, alihongh the period of his nse- 
fnlness is contracted. Tlie price of the horse, the ox and 
the cow, has donbled within half ofa century. 

In regard to Horticnlhire, pnblic e.Khibiiions have exerted 
a favorable inflnence in respect to the qnality and variety 
of choice fruit. Formerly, the apple was mostly nscd for 
cider. The qnaliiy, not thought material for a hovcrage, 
was ncglpctcd for other purposes. Its jiriiicipal use now is, 
ns a luxury, and a wholesome nutriment. In this respect, 
its value is more and more realized. The preparation of 
the soil, the tree itself, the qnality, quantity, and variety, 
are all receiving more attention. The specimens exhibited 
at 0!ir Fairs, confirms the truth of tliis remark. They 
would r)ol discredit any Fair in our County. 

What view more attractive than the orchard, in the Au- 
tumn, with its varieties of rich and hcantiful fruit ? The 
kinds of apples liave njosily changed within half a cen- 
tury. 'I'lic early high-sweeting, which must liave been 
among the first settlers, still holds its standing, in the orch- 
ard. The old spice apple, quite common many years ago, 
and an excellent winter fruit, is now rarely seen. Within 
a few years, there has been a great increase, in varieties of 
apples, and a great improvement in the flavor. 

'JMie pear is now claiming more attention than even the 
apple. The varieties, many of which are very delicious, are 
almost without limit. At one of our Fairs, Mr. Thomas 
Bond, of North Brookfield, exhibited between seventy and 
eighty diflerent kinds. Fifty years ago, we do not recol- 
lect more than four or five dillerent kinds of pears. A 
large, late, sweet pear, excellent for baking, was here and 
there to be found in some rich locality. Thus favored, the 
tree grew to a large size, and yielded abundantly. Gardner 
Watkius Esq. had a tree of this kind, which produced^ one 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 153 

year, thirty bnsliols more than was used in the family, wliich 
he sold for one dollar per bushel. The writer remembers 
very well the tree, and the pears. It may be doubted 
vhether this pear has its superior, after cooked, among all 

e modern varieties. The cherry, the plumb, the peach and 
the grape, arc claiming increased attention, as not only very 
gratefnl to the taste, hnt as highly ornamental to onr dwell- 
ings, gardens, and fields. Frnit trees yield a rich compen- 
sation for all the labor bestowed. The cultivation of plants 
and flowers is awakening a more lively interest than for- 
merly. It is a manifestation of good taste, as well as a 
delightful amusement, to be thus interested in the beauliinl 
displays of nature. 

^i'he boundless ways in v.?hich Providence is ministering 
to our support and enjoyment, are a constant appeal to onr 
gratitude. He has connected human industry and human 
ingenuity with personal and social happiness. This benev- 
olent arrangement the agriculturalist daily witriesses and 
enjoys. The spring cheers him, with its flattering hopes, 
its countless variety of developing beauties; the summer 
and autumn with their returning bounties; and the winter 
with its well stored garners. 

Gapt. Simeon Hooker and Maj. Jacob Upham, are entit- 
led to the credit of making the first movements in attempt- 
ing to establish an Agricultural Society in this part of the 
County. They have continued its active promoters. But 
to no one is the Society more indebted than to Mr. Luther 
Haniant, for his unwearied efforts, in promoting its growth 
and prosperity. He has made agriculture and horticulture 
his study and pursuit. 

This Society was incorporated in the year 1855, by the 
name of " Worcester South Agricultural Society," including 
Sturbriijge, Sonihbridge, Dudley, Webster, Oxford, C'harl- 
ton, Spencer, Hrookfield, North Brooklield, West Brookfield, 
Warren, Brimfield and Holland. Mr. Luther Hamant 
headed the petition, praying for the incorporation, and vis- 



154 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

itC(J llio several towns more llian otice, to oncoiiraiie the 
object, ni)(] to obtain tht3 required amount to entitle tbem to 
an act of incorporation. Tbe snm already raised by con- 
tribntion exceeds tbirteeii linndred dollars. Whatever is 
raised for the l)encfit of the Society, mnst bo invested ac- 
cording to the provisions of the statntc. For every one 
thonsand doUars, so invested, the society receives aninially, 
from the troasnry of tlie Commonwealth, the sum of two 
hmidfrd dollars, and in that proportion for a greater amount 
raised, and not to exceed from the (-'ommonwcalth, six hun- 
dred dollars. 'I'hc act ma!<ing j)rovision in this way, to 
encourage agricuhure, reflects credit on our statute book. 
The approi»riation can hardly fail to answer tlie designed 
purpose. It is worthy of notice, that there has been a 
cheering degree of harmony, ill promoting the purposes of 
the society. 

In closing our remark's on this snliject, we respectfully 
remind the connnnnity of the importance of progressive at- 
tainments in this \\o\Ae science, \V'e cs|)ecially refer to 
those who coiisliiiue much the largest portion of the popu- 
lation of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode-Island. 
These states, possessing a vast amount of capital, vested in 
various Ivinds of maiHifactm-e, and a large portion of their 
industry, devoted to this interest, may, with great propriety, 
be called manufacturing states. It is not for a mon)ent to 
be understood, that this interest should, in iis operation, or 
expansion, be a check, but rather an encouraging stimidus 
to the prosperity of agriculture. To promote such an oliject, 
and to avoid too much dependence on other sections of the 
country for supplies, tlio yeomanry in these States should 
realize the importance of endeavormg to turn their lauds to 
a more and more profiiabic account, '^riiere is no doubt 
great advancement may be made in this particular. The 
sod may be made many fold more productive and profita- 
ble, than it is at present. New-ljiigland has luit that exu- 
berant sod which characterizes some parts of our country; 



STURBRIDGE AXD SOUTHBRIDGE. 155 

but sho has a soil capable of yielding a goiiorous return for 
skillful and persevering indnstry. There is no compeiition 
more laudable, and profitable, llian that which tends to ad- 
vance and elevate this all important interest. Its products 
are designed to meet the claims of necessity, comfort, and 
enjoyment. Agricultural Societies are exerting a powerful 
agency in accomplishing sucli desirable purposes. The man 
wlio is making liis lands, and his slock more profitable and 
beautiful, will be sure to awaken a kindred spirit in others. 
Much of our soil, at the east, has heretofore produced such 
crops of wheat, as encouraged farmers to bestow particular 
attention upon its culiivation. We sec not why the ex- 
periment may not again be tried with success. Even the 
farmers, at the east, are almost entirely dependent on oth- 
er portions of the country for floin- at this time, 1 So 5, at 
thirteen dollars per barrel. It is believed their interest will 
prompt them to attempt to avoid su.ch dependence. 

We subjoin a brief statement of some striking improve- 
ments made by Dr. Samuel Ilartwell, of Sontbbridge. 
Some six or eight years since, he commenced a most thor- 
ough improvement of a piece of land, lying about Iialf of a 
mile southerly of the lower village, in Soutlihridge. The 
tract, containing about twenty-five acres, bad, previous to 
18.30, been principally occupied as a pasture, yielding but 
small profits. About twelve acres of the land siill remain, 
a pastiu'e. The other portion is divided into lots, for til- 
lage and mowing, and for the production of various kinds of 
fruit. Seven beautiful lots, enclosed by handsome walls, 
arc appropriated almost exclusively to tillage and mowing. 
From these lots, the rocks and stones, which were abund- 
ant, have been almost entirely removed, and the surface 
made quite level, where the nature of the ground would 
aduiit. The soil, for cultivation, was i>lowed fourteen 
inches in depth ; viz — seven inches with a sward plow, and 
seven inches with a sub-soil plow. The Doctor examined^ 



156 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

by experiments, the nature of the soil, and what treatment 
it required to render it most productive. 

The orchard of peach and apple trees, covering a number 
of acres of h\iid, enclosed also by a wall, is in a very Hmr- 
isliins: condition, and contains many kinds of choice fruit. 
The Doctor has also, in another locality, nearly a hundred 
thrifty pear trees, which will soon produce an abundancr', and 
many varieties of this delicious kind of fruit. The im- 
provement of the pasture is probably equal to other im- 
provements of which we have spoken. A beautiful road 
for carriages passes nearly through tiic land. A very con- 
siderable expense has been incurred in making these im- 
provements. Nothing more is now to be done, than to keep 
the land in its present productive condition. The average, 
annually, of the whole products of the land, is about six 
hundred dollars. The cost of labor and manure does not 
exceed three hmidred dollars; leaving a clear profit of 
three hundred dollars. Experiments of this sort are worthy 
of special attcniioti. The farmer, in his attempt at improve- 
ments, must, of course, govern himself according to his 
ability. They certainly afford a high degree of pleasure, as 
well as profit. 

The Doctor's example has become contagions in the 
neiyhborhood of his land. Others are making similar im- 
provements. 

The first Show of the Society, after its incorporation, was 
on ihe third day of Oct. iS55. Alihongh the weather, in 
the morning, was forl)idding, the gathering of both sexes, 
representing the various industrial pursuits, was large. 

Amos Felion l.'sq. the first president, under the new or- 
ganization, ))rpsided. 

The Hon. Ainasa Walker delivered an address, eminent- 
ly praciical, and well worthy the practical attention of the 
New-lMigland farmer. The plowing (always commanding 
particular attention) was considered superior to that of any 
former occasion. The same may be said of the oxen, and 
otlier animals. Since the commencement of our Shows, 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 157 

there is a striking improvement in all our useful animals. 
The town-hall exhibited a greater variety of the produc- 
tions of nature and art, than at any former Fair, We al- 
lude to this exhibition, merely to show that public expecta- 
tion, thus far, has been fully realized in regard to the pros- 
perity and utility of the Society. The public journals, high- 
ly to their credit, favor the public with statements, in de- 
tail, of the proceedings of Agricultural Societies. The hap- 
py influence of those societies is greatly promoted by such 
encouragement. 



14 



TEMPERANCE REFORMATION. 



As this movoment was intended to produce an important 
change in habits and practices tolerated in the community, 
a sketch of its early operations may be a useful record. At 
the period of its commciicpment, about 1S20, ardent spirits 
were generally and abundantly used among all classes of 
people. The use had been increasing for many years, and 
the extent of its use, and its effects, were very far from be- 
ing fully realized. Such was its insidious and controling in- 
fluence, that the community was unconsciously in the broad 
road to ruin. Ardent spirits were deemed essentially neces- 
sary in the revolutionary struggle. It was not easy to dis- 
continue the habit, after the struggle was over. The use 
was regulated by legal enactments. In accordance with 
these enactments, public houses and stores were licensed to 
an almost luilimileil extent, to dispense the article. It had 
become a prolific source of profit to the vendors. Almost 
every household was provided witii a variety of cordials for 
domestic use, and to meet ilie demands of civility. Many a 
cellar was stored with the choicest juice of tlie grape, and 
other liquors of more potent influence. The bar-room, the 
traiuing-grontid, the nmstor-field, ihc ball-room, the Inde- 
pendence jubilee, always cxhibiied striking manifestations 
of its controlling power. Liberality in distributing the ex- 
hilarating beverage was an indisponsahle requirement from 
the successful candidate for civil, or military promotion. 



HISTORICAL SKETCH OF STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 159 

Even in discharging the last sad rites to the remains of 
departed friends, its consoling influence was deemed indis- 
pensable. The Bar, the Bench, and even the Pulpit, occa- 
sionally, had recourse to its power, to render their argu- 
ments and persuasions more lucid and impressive. We 
might enlarge in this way to an almost indefinite extent. 
The rational use of men's physical and intellectual facul- 
ties became strangely suspended, at frequent intervals. Tiiis 
was an alarming phenomenon. Suspicions began to exist, 
that this derangement of our important functions might be 
traced to too much latitude given to the appetite. The 
wider the eyes were opened, the more confirmed men be- 
came in these suspicions. The first inquiry was, what 
must be done to check the evil? The first expedient sug- 
gested, was, that moderation must be observed. But this 
was soon found to be too indefinite, and too mild a correc- 
tive. The urgent claims of the appetite could not be curbed 
by such rational restraint. Hence, something more power- 
ful must be devised. It was reported, that a venerable mat- 
ron had discovered a sovereign remedy, and that remedy 
was total abstinence. Nothing is clearer, than that this 
would be an effectual remedy, if carried out. It laid at 
once the ax at the root of sturdy habits, which required 
no ordinary power of self denial to subdue. The war must 
be carried directly into the enemy's camp. Total absti- 
nence soon became the rallying point. Although a standard 
was raised, bearing such a significant motto, efforts were 
requisite to secure a triumph. Men were not wanting to 
embark in the work. Changing a little the style of our re- 
marks, we remember well the effect of two sermons, preach- 
ed by the Kev. Dr. Hewett of Connecticut, on the Sabbath, 
in Sturbridge, at the commencement of this reformation. 
He drew to the life, a picture of the evils of intemperance. 
Many of our good men were not a little disturbed at what 
they deemed unwarrantable exaggerations. It however 
aroused men from their lethergy, and prompted them to 



160 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

examine the foundation of such bold assertions. The result 
of the examination was, that the preacher's assertions con- 
tained much more truth than fiction. The Rev. Dr. Bond, 
our then mmister of the Congregational Society, embarked 
in the enterprise with his whole heart. It was character- 
istic of the man to count the cost before he put his hand to 
the plough. When once there, his course was onward. 
His influence soon became contagious. Mr. Bond was early 
in the field, and soon witnessed cheering results from his la- 
bors. The Rev. Dr. Vail, then of Brimfield, was an effi- 
cient and successful co-worker. We believe the Rev. Dr. 
Snell was an earlier pioneer. Well known to be a man of 
superior mental power and forecast, and equally discreet 
in devising the best mode of checking, or repressing an evil, 
much was expected from his energies in the enterprise. 
We were often favored with the zealous and well directed 
efibrts of these men. 

Societies were formed on the principle of total abstinence. 
Meetings were frequently held, and various methods devised 
to persuade all to become supporters of this principle. The 
increase of numbers exceeded the most sanguine expecta- 
tion. It is not to be understood, that accessions were made 
without correspondent efibrts. Many a strong Layman em- 
barked heartily in the enterprise. We could name ilic Hon. 
Linus Child, the Hon. A. D. Foster, the Hon. Judge Thom- 
as, then young men, whose addresses made an effective 
impression. Many a reformed inebriate told the plain, feel- 
ing, unvarnished tale of his dcgredation and recovery. 
These were some of the agencies employed to arrest the 
progress of the evil. Gratifying results were constantly de- 
veloping from year to year. Contrast the present, with the 
then prevalence of the evil, a most cheering change must be 
the irresistible conviction. Where are the distilleries which 
were then thickly scattered over the Cotiimonwcallh ? 
Where the unnumbered licensed housos 7 These gratifying 
results must be ascribed exclusively to the power of per- 



BTURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 101 

suasion. No coersive agency was, for many years, employ- 
ed. It does not follow, that such an agency may not be 
successfully brought in aid of this enterprise. The idea, 
however, should not, for a moment, be indulged, that it 
should supersede, or check persuasive efforts, which have 
accomplished so much. 

It is, beyond a doubt, the duty of every man, when sat- 
isfied tiiat habits and practices exist, prejudicial to the 
prosperity and happiness of the community, to exert his in- 
fluence to arrest, and, if possible, suppress them. The ef- 
forts should be in proportion to the magnitude of the evil. 
This was viewed, at the period of which we are speaking, 
after mens eyes were fully opened, to be one of an alarming 
character, especially as it affected the rising generation. 
Although the use, at that period, was almost without limits, 
yet there were some redeeming circumstances which do not 
now exist. The wine, the brandy, the rum and gin, were 
then comparatively free from tliose pernicious ingredients, 
with which they are now adulterated. The adulteration is, 
of itself, an irresistible argument against the modern use. 
The only infallible antidote against the poison, is, " taste 
not, touch not." 

In regard to legislative enactments, there has been a 
strong desire, from time to time, to make them more effec- 
tual. The good which has been accomplished by such co- 
ersive measures, has very probably overbalanced the evils 
attending them. Perhaps there is nothing within the com- 
pass of legislation, more difficult to be met, than the subject 
of our remarks. Experience has rendered this lesson quite 
familiar. A very small degree of reflection must satisfy 
any one of the truth of this remark. Habits, long indulged, 
are stubborn antagonists. It is very much easier to con- 
vince the understanding of their pernicious tendency, than 
to arrest the evil. There is a strong propensity to resort to 
stimulants, under a great variety of circumstances in life. 
The profits also from the sale of alcoholic liquors, are temp- 
14* 



162 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

tations wliich some men will not resist. Each State has a 
right to regulate matters of this sort in its own way. a cir- 
cumstance which renders the universality of prohibitory 
measures, in this particular, almost hopeless. These sug- 
gestions are not made, with a view to oppose legal enact- 
ments, but merely to show the difficulties of rendering them 
effectual. The agitation of the public mitid, wherever the 
suhject has been brought before the Legislature, evinces a 
deep coiiviction of the evils of intemperance, and a strong 
desire to resort to every feasible agency, to check, if not en- 
tirely to suppress it. 

The state of Maine, some four or five years since, passed 
an act containing very stringent provisions against ihe traf- 
fic in alcoholic liquors. This act, commonly called the 
Maine law, became a subject of very extensive notice and 
remark. Our Legislature passed an act of similar provis- 
ions in the year 1S52. 

That portion of the act which authorised the seizure and 
destruction of liquors, was decided by the supreme Court, 
to be unconstitutional. 

The General Court, the ])resent session, 1855, have passed 
another act more severe in its penalties, than any previous 
act. The State of New-York has recently passed an act of 
similar provisions, and penalties. The States of Connecti- 
cut, Pennsylvania and some others, have done the same. 
Present appearance indicates a vigorous struggle, in the ex- 
ecution of these cocrsive measures. 

The prevailing opinion is, that no law ought to exist, 
which does not meet public approbation to such a degree, 
that it cannot be effectually enforced. The acts of which 
we are speaking, if expedient, must claim an exception. 
No one expects any thing more than a partial execution. 
They are soon to be fully tested by experiment. 



STOEBEIDGE AND SODTHBEIDGE. 163 



A NEW MOTEMENT TO SPEEAD THE GOSPEL. 

The year 1810 is a memorable era in the history of this 
cotintry, in relation to a great moral and religions tyove- 
ment We allnde to the organization of the Board ol Com- 
missioners of Foreign Missions, Hence sprang tnto exist- 
ence a multitnde of anxiliary societies. Imirtedtately airier 
the organization, the Brookfield Association, auxiliary to the 
Board, was formed, embracing the following towns: viz - 
Brimfield, the three Brookfields, Charlton, Dana, Dudley, 
Holland, HardwicU-, New-Braintiee, Oakhan^ SoiUhbridge 
Spencer, Sturbridge, Warren, and Ware The Rev 0„s 
Lane, the Rev. Mr. Fay of Brimfteld, and a few" !>"«. '» 
the year 1812, met at the house of Dea. Daniel Phmpton, 
and formed the S.nrbridge Auxiliary. "'^\^?f''S^%'Z' 
iribnled for this noble object, at the disposal of the Board, 
from year to year, from that time to the present, has princi- 
nally been made up of small contributions. The tendency 
of this mode of sustaining the enterprise, has uuqnesUonaWy 
been to awaken more uniform and lively interest in u. 

This was the commencement of an enterprise which look- 
ed forward to tho universal extension of the ^'^V 
kingdom. An objection, urged against it, on tts Ihre^shhold 
was when our spiritual wants shall have been met at home, tt 
Z^Ibe sufficiently early to look abroad. Ji^.- J-'- 
was soon silenced by an obviously .ncreased ">'-'•-.>;»; 
home wants. The toleration of slavery in some portions of 
on eolntry, was another objection. These objccttons man- 
tfelted a vl;y litnited, not to say a selfish view of the sub- 

^' This period is clearly marked with deeper convictions of 
dufy and more energy of action, in regard to the evangeh- 
z ,1;. of the world. The Redeemer's last commatrd Go 
ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every crea 



164 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

til re," was more deeply felt, and the apostolic spirit more 
clearly mauifesled. 

This great movement was commenced with an organized 
system of action, which had been gradnally improving and 
expanding in its operations. Draw the contrast between 
the state of the world then and now^ a faint idea may be 
obtained of what has already been accomplished. A family 
of co-helpers were almost simnltaneonsly ushered into ex- 
istence. The Bible Society, the Home Missionary, the Ed- 
ucation, the Tract Societies, and many other benevolent 
associations have advanced, hand in hand, with this great 
enterprise. It nnght gratify cnriosity to know the amount 
which has been given, in Siurbridge and Sonthbridge since 
ISIO, for these benevolent purposes. To ascertain the 
amount would be an impracticable undertaking. Some- 
thing, in this way, has been placed to our credit, every 
succeeding year. Wc need have no apprehensions that it 
has been too large, or that it is an unprofitable investment. 
In our sketches of character, we have noticed some bequests, 
for these objects. To those benefactors, may be added the 
name of Harmony AUlmi. The bequest was Iier last ofier- 
ing from the fruits of her industry, in comicction with this 
enterprise, the name of David T. Lane deserves an affec- 
tionate remembrance. He was the oldest son of t!ie Uev. 
Otis Lane. To be a missionary, among the heathen, had, 
for many years been his calculation and desire. He ap- 
peared to be eminontly fitted for such a destination. Im- 
mediately after his collegiate and theological studies were 
closed, death terminated those desires and calculations. For 
some time prior to his death, there had been premonitions of 
that disease, so often attended with hopes and fears. A 
short lime before the close of his life, the disease presented 
so discouraging an aspect, as to cut off all hope. It seemed 
to be a mysterious , providence to himself, and his many 
affectionate friends. He calmly and cheerfully acquiesced 
in the Divine Will. His example, his unwearied unpre- 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 165 

tending efforts to do good, very iriany still remember. Dur- 
ing ten, or twelve years, he labored incessantly to persuade 
the young, the middle aged, and the aged, to give their 
hearts to the Saviour. This was his all-absorbing theme. 
Whenever and wherever he was empjoyed as an instructor 
of youth, he was equaliy assiduous to impart religious and 
literary instruction. The scholars soon felt the influence of 
a heart full of desire to promote their highest happiness. 

His time in vacations, was principally occupied in visit- 
ing families, from house to house, especially those who 
could not conveniently attend public worship. After visit- 
ing in this manner, it was his custom to hold a meeting in 
the evenirjg. All turned out to hear young Lane speak on 
the subject of religion. None left with feelings of inditfer- 
ence. An impression had been made which was not soon 
forgotten. The n)an who rarely passed the threshhold of a 
church, on the Sabbath, cheerfully attended his meetings. 
Many an instance of this kind can be cited, and many, in 
which there is good reason to believe, a saving change was 
the result. The enquiry is very riatural, what gifts did he 
possess which enabled him to command such fixed atten- 
tion, and so deep an interest in liis exhortations? Not ex- 
traordinary powers of intellect, for they were not much 
above mediocrity. But liis, was the eloquence of the heart; 
feeling deeply the injportance of what he nttered. His 
mind was wholly engrossed in his subject, and expressed 
with all that earnestness and suitableness of language which 
his feelings prompted. His exiiortations were short, direct 
and persuasive. When he stopped, all wished to hear him 
longer. There was an earnestness, in looks and language, 
which carried conviction that every word was from the 
heart. It is believed [e\v have accomplished so mucli in the 
service of their beloved Master, during so short a career. 

The Rev. Otis Lane's second daughter, Mary, married 
the Kev. Mr. Dwiglit, tlie distinguished missionary. Mr. 
Dwight is stationed at Constantinople, exerting a powerful 
influence over an extensive field. 



166 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 



GEN. LA FAYETTE. 



A very gratifying event, in our history, was a visit from 
Gen. La Fayette, in the year, 1S24. In this connection, we 
shall attempt a hricf sketch of the character of the extraor- 
dinary man, who iioiily vohuitcered his services and fortune, 
in the acliievement of onr independence. He belonged to a 
family of high rank, and was the possessor of an ample for- 
tune. In the year 1777. at the age of 21 or 22, after we 
had been struggling about two years againsi an untold 
amount of difficulties, he quit conjugal endearments, and 
the flattering prospects of home, to jeopardise his life and 
fortune with ours, in the conflict. After encountering many 
obstacles, he reached America. A humble dwelling, situ- 
ated on Valentine hill, (sj called,) on the eastern bank of 
Hudson river, in the vicinity of Fort Washington, is held in 
cherished remembrance. In this dwelling, Washington, 
and this noble volunteer, it is siid, first met. The inter- 
view must have been one of thrilling interest. Here, Wash- 
ington welcomed the young foreign adventurer, to a share 
in the perils and hardships, which must inevitably be met. 
Mark the diff'erencc of the prospects, and the scene, before, 
and around him, from the splendors of the French Court ! He 
was soon honored with a commission of Maj. General. His 
career, in detail, would eml)racc matiy of the most important 
events of the revolution. The same spirit which prompted 
him to embark in the cause of America, marked his unfal- 
tering course in her service. He never shrank from dan- 
ger, or responsibilities. To notice a single iu.stance; in the 
battle of Monmoiitli, one of the hottest, both in regard to the 
heat of the day, and the desper.ite struggle of the conflicting 
parlies, we see him braving its dan iiers. 

Ill ihis battle, in the presence of La Fayette, the memo- 
rable rebuke of Washinston was administered to Lee. It 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 167 

is evident, that Lee, for some cause, was remiss in duty. 
The division, under his command, was retreating in great 
confusion, which Washington, wlio was commanding in 
another quarter, discovered. He was instantly on the spot, 
restored order, and turned the retreating troops to the 
charge. It was at this juncture, the withering reprimand 
was given. La Fayette, afterwards remarking upon this 
incident, said, the severity of the reprimand was not so 
much in the ivords, as in the look of Washington. 

Washington, in closing, says to Lre, " will you command 
here, and route the enemy?" The instant reply of Lee 
was, " I will not be the Jlrsi off the field." If Lee had 
declined the command, Washington intended to give it to 
La Fayette. Lee, after this, fought bravely, but remem- 
bered the slinging rebuke. La Fayette, was not only a co- 
worker in the field, but in procuring the assistance of 
France. To accomplish this object, he crossed the ocean 
several times. He expended a large portion of his estate, to 
aid the cause of America. He had the command of about 
5000 men, and was an efficient co-operator with W^ashing- 
ton in the last triumphant result. He was present at the 
surrender by Cornwallis, on the t9th day of Oct. 1781. 
The scene must have been a sublime spectacle, exhibiting, 
on one side, humiliation and deep mortification, and on the 
other, joy which could not be entirely suppressed. Corn- 
wallis' bearing was gentlemanly and dignified, but the oc- 
casion was extremely humiliating to an officer of his lofty 
spirit. 

Washington's deportment, always exhibiting the same 
great man, was such as the occasion demanded. This 
event sent triumphant joy throughout the length and breadth 
of America. It is notour intention to follow La Fayette, 
with any particularity, through the French Revolution. 
Being opposed to oppression in every form, he was desirous 
of improvements in the principles of the French govern- 
ment, and in the condition of the people. He had fought 



168 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

with US to establish a republican government, and was de- 
sirous that principles of a similar character should be in- 
corporated into the French government. He favored their 
dechuaiion of rights, and the new constitution, which were 
essentially republican. If he was mistaken in regard to the 
incompatihility of such a government with the disjiosition 
and habits of the French people, he was not alone in the 
mistake. The American people generally, including many 
of our distinguished statesmen, favored, and even rejoiced 
in the change of government which the French had adopt- 
ed. In England, it was lauded by such men as Fox, Sher- 
idan, and Mackintosh, and very many other men of philo- 
sopliic and literary distinction. It was hailed with enthu- 
siasm by a great ]ioriion of the people of England, and in 
other nations of Europe. But it made no such impression 
on the mind of Catharine, of Russia, and a few other des- 
pots. They dreaded the prevalence of republican princi- 
ples. Durke, in a masterly treatise, came out against the 
French movements, and with a forecast almost prophetic, 
portrayed the disasterons consequences. He clearly saw 
that the French nation was very far from being ripe for 
such a change. 

The enthusiasm of the French people soon assumed a 
terrific aspect, and became as ungovernahle as the raging 
ocean. Law, religion, life, character, property, and every 
thing that renders life desirable, were totally disregarded. 
This hurricane of anarchy raged in France more than five 
years. During this pcMiod, her soil was steeped with the 
best blood of France. History presents few parallels of 
anarchy, attended with such an clfnsion of blood, so much 
violence, and such total disregard of all legal restraints, and 
every rational and humane principle. 

In the early progress of the French revolution, La Fay- 
ette was very popular, and almost idolized. He had the 
command of the National Guards, the highest military rank 
in France. He exerted liis utmost energies to save the 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIPGE. 169 

King and Qneeii from their fatal doom, but to no purpose. 
As tlie storm was becoming more and more terrific, he was 
compelled to seek safety in flight. He waa pursued, taken, 
and thrown into a prison in Olmutz. His devoted wife, by 
a favorable turn of fortune, made her escape, and found her 
way to her husband. His property was confiscated. Most 
oftlie relaiives of Lafayette were victims to the reign of 
human bufcliery. During most of that long and dreary im- 
prisonment, his wife was his constant companion. This 
speaks volumes in her praise. Providence had in reserve 
anotlier refulgent day for this champion of liberty. Ho was 
liberated, after about six years, from imprisonment, if we 
mistake not, by the instrumentality of Bonaparte, He re- 
turned to France, where he was not forgotten. His counsel 
was sought, and his voice was again heard in behalf of the 
best interests of his country. At two several periods, he 
was elected a member of the national assembly. In the 
Revolution of 1830, he was again appointed General of the 
National Guards. It is evident that Lafayette's influence 
at this period was powerful. Napoleon frequently sought 
his counsel, although Lafayette never compromitted his po- 
litical principles to flatter, or encourage that wonderful man 
in his course. 

In the year 1?24, after the lapse of forty years, he revis- 
ited the theatre, where, in early life, he had performed so 
generous a part in behalf of oppressed humanity. The an- 
nouncement of his intended visit was everywhere received 
with joy. Children had early learned the name and story 
of the Marquess Lafayette. When he came, he was receiv- 
ed with open arms, not as a triumphant conqueror, but 
as a triumphant benefactor. It was a universal expression 
of spontaneous gratitude. All, even to the little child, 
must see and take Lafayette by the hand. He visited every 
State in the Union. The people of Sturbridge, invited himj 
on his way to the South, to favor them with a visit. The 
request was granted. Such preparations as the occasion 
15 



170 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

appeared to demand, were made. A tasteful representation 
of a triumphal arch was erected over the road, where it 
enters the common, at the north-east, adorned with garlands 
and pendants. Thence, two rows of shrubbery were ex- 
tended to the public house. The artillery and a splendid 
band of martial music were stationed on the meeting-house 
hill. The gathering, from all the neighboring region, ex- 
ceeded in number, three thousand. The approach of the 
cavalcade was announced by the artillery. When it arrived, 
a largp man, plainly dressed, of dignified and venerable ap- 
pearance, alighted from a carriage. That man was Gen. 
Lafayette. Very affable, gentlemanly, and of agreeable 
maimers, he manifested some surprise, as well as high 
gratification, to witness so large a gathering in a small vil- 
lage. Four hours were never passed by those present, 
which would be remembered with more grateful emotions. 

The most touching spectacle was the meeting with his 
old fellow-soldiers, who, in early manhood, had shared with 
him the perils and conflicts of our revolutionary struggle. 
They had taken their position, in military style, by them- 
selves, where the interview took place. Most of them had 
seen him, and some had been under his command. They 
related incidents, when and where they were together, 
which he remembered. Never did reminiscences produce 
a higher degree of joy. The triumphant result of the 
mighty struggle was spoken of with the highest satisfaction. 
They had all become old men. Forty years had passed 
away since they had terminated together their labors. Well 
may it be supposed the meeting would be one of the most 
thrilling interest. What a gratifying change met the eye of 
the illustrious victor wherever he went ! — a change, in a 
great degree, to be ascribed to republican institutions. Such 
universal expression of grateful respect, although attended 
with a little excess of eutluisiasm, is certainly a commenda- 
ble precedent, and highly creditable to the American char- 
acter. It was an expression of gratitude for services rarely 
recorded in the history of human events. 



STURBRIDGB AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 171 

He was attended to this country by his son, George Wash- 
ington Lafayette, and his private secretary. We are aware 
that an EngHsh anthor has attempted to throw a shade over 
the character of Lafayette, in relation to his course, at the 
commencement, and subsequent progress of the French Rev- 
okition. T[ie writer had no partiality for republican prin- 
ciples. It is also very evident he had not forgotten the part 
Lafayette acted in our Revolution. Under such circum- 
stances, it is hardly to be expected that the pen would be 
guided by an impartial hand. Surely the life of Gen. La- 
fayette was an eventful one. His name will be transmit- 
ted to posterity in company with that of Washington and 
other illustrious benefactors of mankind. His sun rose 
high, in full orbed splendor, and, if for a time, its pathway 
was obscured by angry clouds, it went down the same glori- 
ous sun, not a spot on its disk. 



VARIOUS CUSTOMS. 



We may have alluded elsewhere to some of the customs, 
in the earlier portion of our history, of which we are now 
about to give a sketcFi. They are no further important than 
to show (he simplicity of manners, and the straightened 
circumstances of o'lr ancestors. 

In respect to travelling and modes of conveyance, carria- 
ges were unknown, excepting for farming purposes, and the 
transportation of burdens which could not be done upon the 
horse. Walking was the usual mode of reaching the 
church, on the Sabbalh, from two, three, four, five, and in 
some cases, six miles. ""I'lic family horse, where there was 
one, performed his part of this duty, in carrying occasion- 
ally, three and four. The husband on the saddle, wife 
on the pillion, and an offspring in each of their laps, was 
not an unusual, or an uninviting spectacle. Rarely was the 
weather, or travelling so forbidding, as to prevent a constant 
attendance, even when the mercury was at zero, and no 
other warmth in the church, but wlint the eloquence of the 
speaker imparted. No fires in the church, excej)ting here 
and there a foot-stove, which the infirm were compellod to 
use. Six hours was the usual period of the services of the 
day. In the winter, the day was very nearly spent when 
the worshipers reached their homes 

We remember a husba'.id and wifo, both great amateurs of 
music, who rode every sabbath to meeting in the manner we 
have mentioned, carryuig on their hor.<^c a base-viol and one 



HISTORICAL SKETCH OP STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 173 

of their little ones. Whoever else were absent, they were 
ready to perform their parts, in the devotions. In the 
warmest season of the year, the adnlt males, for the sake of 
being more comfortable, iisnally appeared atchnrch without 
coats and cravats, and the lads without shoes and stockings. 
Thf^ females were dressed in a style equally simple, adapted 
to the season. Propriety of conduct was required to be ob- 
served. The tithing--man knew his duty, and faithfully 
performed it. The stocks, which were a terror to evil do- 
ers, were located in the rear of the church. The boys knew 
very well for what they were designed, and eyed them with 
awe. We do not recollect an instance in which this mode 
of punishment was actually put in execution. There is no 
doubt, that in the early settlement of New-England, the 
Sabbath was more strictly observed, and the mind less oc- 
cupied with secular concerns than at present. The statute, 
Avhich forbid its profanation, was occasionally enforced, as 
was also the law against profanity. Those laws, although 
now rarely aroused from their slumbers, may, notwithstand- 
ing, exert a feeble influence in checking vice. Marriages 
were then, as at the present time, a custom which was 
strictly observed. The intention of carrying this custom 
into effect, was proclaimed with an elevated voice, immedi- 
ately after the close of divine service. The tendency of such a 
proclamation was to neutralize, in some degree, serious im- 
pressions. Very few in those days thought of evading the law, 
which provided for the support of public worship. The 
support of the gospel has now become entirely a mat- 
ter of conscience. Whether the change, in this respect, is 
favorable to moral|and religious influences, we shall not 
hazard an opinion. It is certain that religious institu- 
tions have exerted the most efficient agency in making us 
what we are, in point of moral character. It is also certain, 
that they cannot be too sedulously patronized and cherish- 
ed. Withhold from them a competent support, the tenden- 
cy is to dampen and paralize that, which is the most valua- 
15* 



174 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

ble to us as social and accountable beings. They possess 
the power of elevating, or depressing moral and religious 
character, in proportion to their encouragement, or neglect. 

We pass to a custom of the farmers in the season of 
harvesting. What was called a Husking, was common 
among them. The corn was severed from the ground, 
transported lo the barn, and placed in a suitable condition 
for the workmen. A sufFicieut number was invited to dis- 
patcii the work in an afternoon. It was an occasion of 
merriment and competition, accelerated, at suitable intei- 
vals, by the quickening draught. Work and conversation 
went on merrily together. When the work was finished, 
a plain, wholesome repast, consisting of meats, pies, bread, 
cheese, butter and otlk'r good things, was in readiness, ex- 
hibiting the good taste and culinary skill of those who pro- 
vided it. It must be understood that the wife and daugh- 
ters performed the crowning part, on those occasions. By 
this mutual interchange of labor and hospitality, the great- 
est portion of the corn was harvested. 

Raisings were also considered as an affair of similar in- 
terest, followed by an entertainment of good things. A lib- 
eral supply of cheering beverage, and a good supper, were a 
gratifying equivalent for services rendered. Those occasions 
were generally wound up by feats of wrestlings. A ring 
was formed for this purpose, and the competition commenc- 
ed by some of the yonnger individuals. It was an occasion 
of intense interest to witness the cautions and adroit move- 
ments of two skillful wrestlers, almost equally matched. 
Every point guarded, and every motion of the competitors 
watched by each other with the keenest vigilance, and al- 
most equally so, by the spectators. The man of much su- 
perior muscular power was not unfreqnently foiled by the 
quick and unexpected movements of his antagonist. The 
vanquished party turned in his man, and the contest pro- 
ceeded in this manner, until the last one was proclaimed 
victor. The tendency of such athletic exercises was to in- 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 175 

crease physical strength, if not too severely taxed. This 
was an exercise very much in practice during the Revolu- 
tionary war. The ancient soldiers, it is well known, were 
inured to athletic feats, to increase strength, and the power 
of endurance. Although it may not be expedient to resume 
customs of this sort, they furnish valuable lessons, in re- 
gard to the discipline of the physical constitution. As we 
have more than once remarked, in our investigations, the 
men and the women, in this respect, are not now, what they 
were three quarters, or even half of a century ago. Dan- 
iel Webster's extraordinary mental energies were not cramp- 
ed, or rendered less useful, by a feeble constitution. It was 
prepared, in early life, to sustain and give a full display to 
those wonderful powers of mind. 

Endeavoring to give a faithful sketch of customs and 
practices prevalent, at former periods, we meet with some of 
a pernicious influence v/hich we feel bound not to pass over 
unnoticed. Although now in a great measure abandoned, 
a record of their former existence may be a useful admoni- 
tion against their repilition. We have particularly, in view, 
the practice of gambling, especially the playing at cards. 
This practice had been gradually increasing for some years 
before the commencement of the present century. It con- 
tinued to prevail, more and more extensively, till it reached 
a degree of alarming influence. A very great portion of our 
public houses, which were formerly numerous, had their 
recesses for gamblers. Gentlemen, v/ho claimed an elevated 
standing, had their private retreats for gambling. Gather- 
ings, for this purpose, were not only occasional, but almost 
nightly. They embraced large numbers of the legal and 
medical professions. 

After the Court had adjourned for the day, many of its 
ministerial officers were spell-bound to the card table during 
the night. How admirably fitted such nightly prepara- 
tions must be, for the faithful discharge of their duties to 
their clients ! The same may be said of many a legislator, 



176 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

gravely engaged, or ought to be so, during tlie day, in fram- 
ing ifie laws, and at night winning, or losing his hundreds, 
at the card table. Gambhng was the broad road, in which 
many a young man, on whom rested parental affection and 
hopes, travelled to ruin. We have known men who have 
devoted their whole time to this pernicious practice, travel- 
ling even throughout the Slates, and rifling men of their 
money, whenever fit subjects to be cheated could be foimd. 
They made for a while, a display of wealth and ostenta- 
tion, but most of them died in poverty. The curse of Heav- 
en blasted their hopjs. This evil was not prevalent to any 
considerable extent among the farming class of the commu- 
nity. Their exemption from it is ascribed in no small de- 
gree to their retiring and industrious habus. Gambling, 
cheating and excessive drinking, are generally leagued to- 
gether. Such a triple alliance is always arrayed against 
the best interests of society. A blessed change has succeed- 
ed. Men of respectable standing who occasionally indulged 
in the practice, realizing its pernicious effects have entirely 
abandoned it. Their example has exerted a powerful in- 
fluence in suppressing the evil. The practice is now al- 
most exclusively confined to those who have no claims 
to respectability. 

It must be borne in mind, that our ancestors always con- 
nected something profitable with their recreations. This 
was especially the case in reference to the old-fashioned 
Quiltiugs. The young ladies gathered at a neighbor's, where 
something of this sort was to be done, for the use of the 
family, or for a daughter, who was about to exchange her 
single condition for one more desirable. Seated around 
their work, the needles were industriously plied, and the 
circle cheered with jokes and social chat, till it was finished. 

After the task was completed, they were again gathered 
around the ancient circular table, neatly spread, and abund- 
antly furnished with such plain and wholesome edibles as 
the farm produced. If the reader could travel back nearly 



STEUBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 177 

a century, and desire to witness a group of healthy, bloom- 
ing, rotund, and cheerful countenances, he might be grati- 
fied with such a scene as such an occasion presented. The 
quilting was by no means concealed from the young men 
in the neighborhood. They were there, in due season, clad 
in their best, and ready to bear a full share in the enjoy- 
ment of the occasion. The evening glided imperceptibly 
away in such social enjoyments as inclination dictated. 
Would you witness beauty unadorned there it might be 
seen. Would you see an exhibition of plain hospitality, 
unaffected civility, and cheerfulness, without extravagance 
in any of its modern forms, go back to those days of primi- 
tive simplicity. After the hour had arrived for concluding 
the convivialities of the occasion, the company separated 
by pairing off to their respective places of abode. Quiltings 
in the sense of which we have been speaking were peculiar 
to New-England. 

Some forty or fifty years ago, our forests abounded with 
a variety of game. Since that period, it has been grad- 
ually diminishing. The gray-squirrel was very abundant, 
the black more rare. Partridges and rabbits were numer- 
ous. Hunting was a fivorite amusement for lads and 
young men. Families could be easily supplied with a vari- 
ety from the forests, which afforded a very agreeable change 
for the table. Some families depended mostly on wild game 
for their supply of fresh meats. The men of those days 
were expert marksmen. If the squirrel or partridge came 
within the range of the muzzles of their guns, it surely be- 
came a victim. In order to escape the vigilance of his 
deadly fire, the poor creature would make the i\imost ef- 
forts to flee, or seek some lurking place for refuge, but it 
was generally all in vain. A glin)pse at any vital part, 
was sufficient to secure its doom. If not quite dead when 
it fell to the ground, the eager dog would instantly perform 
the fatal work. 



178 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

The partridge was still more shy and vigilant. The ut- 
most cantion was necessary to secure her as a victim. If 
she rose on the wing, her speed was almost a match for 
lightning. In ati unguarded moment, she loo, became the 
victim of the destroyer. Tiie timil hare was instantly over- 
whelmed with terror at the siglit of a human being. The 
mere report of the musket, would frequently lay it pros- 
trate on the ground. Pigeons were very abmidant. In an 
unguarded moment, dozens were instantly ensnared in the 
meshes of human device, "^riie innocent and beautiful cap- 
tives were instantly dispatched. 

The wily fox, carried out the warfare in manly and no- 
ble style, although at fearful odds. Not so with the enemy. 
Two or three sturdy men armed with instruments of death, 
and a pack of hounds, were the usual force arrayed against 
a single, empty-handed fox. What had the poor creature 
done to arouse such an array of vengeance against him? 
Perhaps he had helped himself to a little food to satisfy the 
cravings of nature, not his, according to the laws of his en- 
emy. But the real cause was, to make conquest of his 
beautiful robe for the sake of liitle gain. Had the rules of 
honorable warfare been pursued, there is no doubt the vic- 
tory would have l)een his. His enemy dare not meet hini 
in the open field, but must resort to dishonorable stratagems 
to compass his purposes. The hoimds must chase the poor 
animals, not nnlVociuently from morning till night, and the 
hunier.s lie in ambush, perchance to arrest him in his bound- 
ing course. If the ball performed fatal execution, a glorious 
victory was the result. Men and hounds gathered aroimd 
to exult over the fallen victim, liife was gone, and wiih it 
all that agility which excites the admiration of the beholder. 

tSquirrel Hunts were very common in the autunni. The 
mode of conducting them was to select two expert hunters 
for captains. E.ich captain chose an equal number of his 
townsmen. A day was a|)pomted for the competition, and 
judges to decide the result of the contest. The forfeiiiue of 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 179 

the vanquished party, was the expense of an entertainment. 
As soon as the day broke, the reports of mnslcets were 
heard in every direction. It was a day of terror and 
slaughter to the indwellers of the forests. The strife was 
carried on without intermission, till sunset. When it was 
ended, the parties brought in their booty. It was certainly 
unwarrantable to take the lives of such an incredible num- 
ber of those useful animals, at one time. Nor were those 
recreations in some other respects commendable. Excess in 
the use of ardent spirits, was not unfrcquently an attendant 
evil. What was commonly called turkey shootings, were 
still more objectionable. It was a barbarous custom. The 
evening after the sport of shooting was over, often exhibited 
a scene of caronsal, in profanity, gambling and drinking, 
till a very late honr. We would not be understood that 
such scenes were witnessed in the earlier period of our his- 
tory, when sobriety and sound morality characterized the 
communily. 

The manner of living, of our ancestors) in diet, dress, and 
social habits, was unquestionably much better adapted to 
health and physical vigor, than many of the changes which 
have succeeded. If there has been progress in refinement, 
in these particulars, it hardly admits of a question, whether 
it has not been made at too great sacrifices. We remember 
Uie old-fashioned boiled dish, the glittering pewter plates, and 
tbQ generously freighted broad pewter platter, occupying the 
center of the table. This kind of table furniture has now 
entirely disappeared. We remember also the healthy, hap- 
py cheerful group, seated around the ancient circular tables. 
This kind of table had no annoying angles, and was quite 
as favorable for social enjoyment as the modern. 

Beans were a very prominent article of food in those 
days. It was not an undesirable accomplishment, of the 
matron, to be skilled in baking beans, making rye and in- 
dian bread, and even bean porridge. The same accomplish- 



180 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

ment would not be under valued in the daughter, when so- 
licited to change her single condiiion. Hasty pudding, once 
the theme of a celebrated American bard, was very often an 
essential element in the morning and evening repasts. Lads 
as well as adults, were adept sportsmen. The forests 
abounded in game. They furnished not only healthful 
sport, but healthful food. The bowl of baked apples and 
milk, was not confined to the nursery, but was a choice 
dish lor the full grown jnan. The farm yielded almost all 
the ingredients for the consumption of the family, not ex- 
cepting sugar and molasses. 

It was under such a regimen, youth grew up to manhood, 
exhihiling no doubtful specimens of health and muscular 
ability. The men and women, likewise, of the times of 
which we are speaking, possessed superior health, superior 
physical power, capable of enduring more, and accomplish- 
ing more than we, at the present day. We believe much of 
this superiority must be ascribed to diet, dress, and the ex- 
ercises to which they were inured. It was not till after the 
close of the war, habits of excess, in the use of stimulating 
liquors, gradually gained an alarming ascendency. As we 
have chewhere remarked, they were thought to be abso- 
lutely necessary, during that period of severe and compli- 
cated hardships. 

The neighborly visits of our ancestors, were very fami- 
liar, and miceremonious ; and the entertainments of the fji- 
ble plain and simple, perfectly in keeping with such a ^late 
of manners. If the hostess happened to be single 'landed 
when she had company, it was customary for one or more 
of the visitors to aid in the preparations for the table. In 
tho.se days of simplicity, there was no sending, or leaving of 
cards, no door bells, nor door-keepers, to announce how mat- 
ters siood within, before a call, or visit could be received. 
These arc all the ingenuity of modern taste, and modern re- 
finement. 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 181 

It is evident we have degenerated in physical power and 
endurance, if not in intellectual vigor. We have the hi^^h 
practical example of our progenitors, admonishing us to 
adopt, essentially, the simplicity of their regimen, and train- 
ing, not only for our own benefit, but for that of our chil- 
dren. 



16 



*OTIIER SETTLERS. 



JOHN and ELIAS PLIMPTON, brothers, were in ac- 
tive service during several different periods of the Revolu- 
tion. The writer assisted their widows in procuring pen- 
sions, but is unable to state definitely, from memory, the 
extent of their services, or where performed. Benjamin 
Hobbs, John and Ohvcr Plimpton, were, at one period, in 
the same company, and. if we mistake not, that company 
was commanded by Gapt. Mason. An anecdote of one of 
their feats is still familiar Their provisions, especially of 
meat, at one time, had become quite exhausted. Those 
men were not of the stamp, patiently to submit to starva- 
tion, or even very sparo diet. They accordingly reconnoit- 
ered the vicinity in search of something to meet the de- 
mands of the appetite. At last they marked cut in a herd 
of cattle, a handsome, plump animal, about two years old, 
which ihey were determined to secure as their victim. 
They were well aware that their physical energies must be 
severely tasked to gain a victory. There was no time for 
shrinking back, or of holding a parley. The onset must be 
immediate and unyielding. After a short, but severe effort, 
John Plimpton was able to seize the animal by the horns. 
The poor creature might then struggle in vain. Hobbs 
said, before he had time to come up to assist Plimpton in 
the struggle, Plimpton had struck the animal two or three 
blows with his list on the head, and then picked up a stone 

* Tliis sketch was inadvertently not sent to the printer to be iuserted in a 
more appropriate place. 



HISTORICAL SKETCH OF STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 183 

and repeated the blows, but did not succeed in bringing it to 
the ground. After Hobbs came up, the animal was dis- 
patched, and put into a condition to be carried to the camp, 
OHver Plimpton, during the struggle, was posted as sentinel 
to give notice, in case of danger. Those three men carried 
their booty on their shoulders to the camp. The reader ha^ 
an iUustration of their resolution and muscular power. 
John Phmpton and Elias Plimpton, as we have spoken of 
others, performed their parts faithfully for their country, 
and were highly esteemed as neighbors and citizens. 

PETER BELKNAP was not a native of Sturbridge, but 
came into the town when a young man, and settled on the 
spot which afterward became the residence of Thomas Up- 
ham. He and his companion lived to an advanced age. 
They left four sons and five daughters, who married and 
settled in town. Penuel, Chester, Alfred and Peter, the 
sons, were active in town concerns. Penuel and Peter re- 
presented the town several years in the General Court. 
One of the daughters married Mr. Rynaldo Plimpton, anoth- 
er, Capt. Alpheus Wight, another, Samuel Freeman, Esq. 
another, James Johnson, Esq, and another, Mr. Abijah Bul- 
lard. Mrs. Plimpton, Mrs. Bullard, and Mrs. Freeman, are 
the only surviving children. The descendants of the ven- 
erated pair, are not only numerous in Sturbridge and the 
neighboring towns, but are numerous and prominent set- 
tlers in Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, and some of the other states. 
These descendants are not only increasing in numbers, 
but are exerting a salutary influence. 

Mr. Belknap and wife, the ancestors, possessed amiable 
and social qualities, and were highly esteemed and respected 
as neighbors, townsmen and christians. It is probable their 
descendants are more numerous than any other family 
which commenced settlement in town about the same time. 
To trace all the ramifications from this ancestral stock, 
fifty years hence, would be a labor of no inconsiderable re- 
search- 



FISKDALE. 



In regard lo that section of the town where Fiskdale is 
situated, the writer recollects very distinctly its appearance 
before, and daring the changing period, to its present growth. 
Originally a farming territory, it contained the residences of 
Moses Allen, Abner Allen, and Capt. Jacob Allen, descend- 
ants of Moses Allen, the first settler. The observer of the 
change is forcibly impressed with the contrast between the 
two periods. Those residences, although in some respects 
modified, still remain. The use of the water privileges, in 
this portion of the town, was confined to one small grist- 
mill, owned by Capt. Jacob Allen. This mill was situated 
on the western bank of the river, near the point where the 
large factory dam crosses tlie river, and at the foot of a deep 
descent from the road, in the midst of ragged rocks, and 
scenery which had never been disturbed by the hand of 
art. In this romantic retreat, Capt. Allen, from youth to 
advanced age, passed most of his days and nights, in tend- 
ing this mill. It was the first, and only grist-mill in town, 
for many years. At the time water privileges began to 
awaken a new interest, attention was directed to this spot. 
Dr. Abraham Allen, who became the possessor of his fath- 
er's real estate, made some progress in building a dam, no 
doubt with a view to invite altcntion to this locality. It 
was found, on examination, to jirescnt flaitering facilities 
for a manufactin-ing establishment. The Hon. J. I. Fiske, 
who had from the beginning, felt a deep interest in the man- 



HISTORICAL SKETCH OP STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 185 

ufact'.iring enterprise, is entitled to the credit of laying its 
foundation in this place. His memory justly claims the 
name, the X'illage bears. The great work of building the 
dam, to which allusion has been made, was accomplished 
at great expense, and in so thorough a manner as to insure 
its durability. These preparatory works, requiring ample 
resources, progressed rather slowly, for a while, for the want 
of ready capital to meet expenditures. Lingering doubts 
still remained, as to the success of the enterprise. Capital- 
ists did not readily embark in it. Henry Fiske, a brother 
of Josiah, was, for some years, associated with him, and 
actively engaged in building houses. The drafts on Hen- 
ry's resources were so great, that finding himself in a state 
of embarrassment, he was obliged to quit the concern. 

Discouragements to future progress, seemed, at times, to 
be almost insuperable, but not so much so as to arrest the 
perseverance of Josiah. They appeared rather to increase 
his exertions, and prompt him to resort to untried expedi- 
ents. The brick mill having been finished and furnished 
with excellent machinery, went into operation in the year 
1829. It produced cotton fabrics of a superior quality, 
which found a ready market. The state of affairs began to 
present a more cheering aspect, and held out inducement? 
to enlarge the works. The large stone factory, five stories 
in height, and 180 feet in length, was completed and went 
into operation six years after the first. The long stone 
building, for tenements, was built about the same time. 
These buildings were constructed of common unwrought 
stones, gathered in the vicinity. They are supposed to be 
firm and durable structures, and present an imposing and 
handsome appearance. The dwelling houses of the village 
are also handsome, well arranged, and the most of them 
thoroughly built. A very considerable degree of mercan- 
tile and mechanical business is carried on in this village. 
It has a commodious school-house sufficiently large to ac- 
commodate the children ; a capacious hall for religious and 
16* 



186 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

Other purposes ; and also a Baptist church, which has re- 
cently been fitted up in an improved style. As much atten- 
tion is paid to the instruction of children as in any portion 
of the town. The highways in this village are handsomely 
laid out, and kept in a good stale of repair. The great 
road, leading to Brookfield, is highly finished, and is a beau- 
tiful road, built at an expense of about five thousand dollars. 
This village is so located as to present a handsome appear- 
ance, and, like many others on the Quinaboag, is beautified 
with very attractive scenery. It furnishes the farmers with 
a convenient market for wood and other products of the 
farm. The village has been gradually growing from year 
to year, and has convenient territory for its much greater 
enlargement. 

Since writing the foregoing, we have been favored by S. 
A. Drake, Esq. with the following statistics. 

The brick-mill was built in 1S2S, and was put in opera- 
tion the same year. It contains SS looms, and preparations 
for manufacturing No. 30, printed cloths. 

The stone-mill was built in IS31 and 1S3.3, and put in 
operation in April, 1836. It contains 164 looms and prepa- 
rations for manufacturing fine printing cloths. 

The real estate, formerly belonging to J. I. Fiske and the 
Quinaboag Co., at his decease, passed into the hands of 
the Sturbridge cotton-mills, which was incorporated in 1S35, 
with a capital of $100,000. 

Mr. Harvey Hartshorn, a native of Wrentham, Mass. was 
the first agent, and continued in that trust until the Autumn 
of 1832. Simeon A. Drake, Esq. succeeded him in the 
agency, and continued in the discliarge of the trust until 
1854, a period of 22 years. Mr. Wm. B. Whiting, the 
present agent, succeeded Mr. Drake in the agency. Mr. 
Drake is the treasurer of the company. A, P. Taylor, Esq. 
has for a long period filled the accountant department. 
This company employ about 200 operatives, and transact 
business to the amount of about $100,000 annually. 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 187 

During the many changes and embarrassments to which 
the manufacturing interest has been subjected, these mills 
have continued in constant operation, and the company- 
have paid their laborers promptly at the appointed time. 
We very well remember Mr. Everet, one of the early and 
eflBcient members of this company, who is now numbered 
with the dead. He took a lively interest in promoting the 
moral and religious welfare of the operatives. 

In J 846. Messrs. Smith and Bates commenced the manu- 
facture of boots and shoes, in this village. The business 
having gradually increased, the present firm, Messrs. Ses- 
sions Bates and Co. manufacture these articles to the amount 
of 50,000 annually, and employ upwards of 75 hands. 

In 1847, Messrs. Town, Chaffee and Co. built a large 
brick shop for the manufacture of augers and bits, by steam 
power. This establishment was purchased by the Messrs. 
Snell and Brothers. This kind of business is now confined 
to the locality, of which we have spoken in another place. 

In surveying the great change which has here been made 
within half a century, one cannot but be deeply impressed 
with its importance in a private and public point of view. 
The improvements in mechanical enterprise augment the 
wealth, not only of the town, but of the country at large. 
They foster industry by furnishing employment to large 
numbers who need it. Provision is also made for their lit- 
erary and religious instruction. When the capitalist can in- 
vest his money in an enterprise which yields him a fair 
profit, and at the same time, promotes the interests of the 
community, it is certainly a laudable investment. It is 
wealth not of an evanescent nature, but substantial and en- 
during. 

It is a fact claiming remembrance, that stated religious 
exercises in this village, hear date quite as early as the first 
operations of the spindle and the loom. Moral and religious 
power was indispensable to give them permanent success. 
For the want of a more convenient place, the attic of a one 



188 HISTOEICAL SKETCH OP STURBIDGE AND SOUTHBRrDGE. 

Story building was occupied for this purpose. Although the 
room was not very attractive in appearance, or accommoda- 
tion, it uniformly presented a full and an attentive audience. 
The meetings in this room were frequently characterised by 
a deep and solemn interest. A Sabbath School, the prolific 
nursery of so much choice fruit, was organized about the 
same lime. The writer enjoyed the privilege of being one 
of the teachers during a considerable period. He remem- 
bers well his class of young ladies, always in season, and 
well prepared for the exercise. Proprietors and agents 
cheerfully and actively encouraged those religious and intel- 
lectual exercises. In due time the humble sanctuary gave 
place to one more capacious and convenient. These all-im- 
portant interests have been well sustained up to the present 
time. When the labors of six days have been performed in 
the factories, the church going bell invites the villagers to 
the Sactuary, and to the Sabbath School. 



SOUTIIBRIDGE. 



Southbridge was taken from Dudley, Charlton, and Stur- 
bridge, but mostly from Sturbridge. It was incorporated 
in the year 1816. Being almost a century identified with 
the last mentioned town, in civil, social, religious, and mu- 
nicipal interests — there siill seems to exist an identity of 
character. They were one, in changing an unbroken for- 
est into a state of cultivation ; one, in resisting the unjust 
exactions of the mother country; and one, during along 
period, in the enjoyment of the fruits of their joint efforts 
and trials. It seemed very proper to unite them in this 
sketch. Although the severed branch has vegetated more 
vigorously than the parent stock, it has not occasioned one 
envious emotion. The feeling has rather been more analo- 
gous to that of the parent, rejoicing in the prosperity of the 
child. The harmony of feeling, it is to be hoped, will still 
be mutually cherished and perpetuated. 

As late as the year 1811, the easterly village of now 
Southbridge, contained a few dwelling houses, a small 
church belonging to a Poll Parish, and a sparce population. 
Very little was done in mercantile and mechanical business. 
Then, as now, there were there, enterprising and industrious 
men, whose attention was chiefly confined to the cultivation 
of the soil. The magnitude of the change, which has since 
taken place, was then hardly within the scope of the imagi- 
nation. The Quinaboag, the source of this cheering change, 
was soon to develope its advantages on a bxoad scale. 



190 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

We give a brief sketch of what has been done in ^'ouih- 
bridge, to promote moral and hterary improvements, as well 
as pnblic convenience, before we speak more particnlarly of 
the manufacturing enterprise. This enterprise has placed 
them npon a larger scale, and given them more prominence. 

The improvements that have been made in the highways 
in Sonthbridge, within the last thirty years, are higlily 
creditable to the town. Public convenience has not only 
been promoted, but the appearance of the town, and more 
especially, of the villages, greatly improved. The^bridge, 
near the Ammidown's factory, is a structure of superior and 
durable workmanship. The pnblic buildings exhibit the 
same laudable and exemplary spirit of enterprise. The 
Congregationalists, the Baptists, the Methodists, the Uni- 
versalists, and the Catholics, have their handsome and 
commodious churches for public worship. Another relig- 
ious society has recently been organized in the Globe Vil- 
lage. Its place of worship, at present, is a capacious hall, 
fitted up for the pin^pose. The other principal pnblic build- 
ings are, a town-hall, for municipal purposes, and a large, 
and well arranged school- house, where children and youth 
are taught the common and higher branches of literature. 
The other buildings, occupied for the extensive business 
carried on there, and the private residences, present a hand- 
some and tasteful appearance. All this growth, wealth, 
and enterprise are obviously to be ascribed chiefly to the 
introduction of the manufacturing interest. Here we also 
witness very inviting scenery, combining natural and artifi- 
cial beauties. Commendable attention has been paid to all 
the other school houses, in the town. They are in a hand- 
some, convenient, and comfortable condition, for the accom- 
modation of children and youth, who arc there instructed in 
those elementary branches so eminently useful to prepare 
them for active life. 

Long experience has tested the superiority of our common 
school system, over all others, which have yet been devised 



STUEBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 191 

to promote its contemplated purposes. Hence the laudable 
attention which is bestowed upon it. 

The children in our factories, enjoy eqnal privileges with 
those, in other portions of the town, in common school in- 
struction. This remark will not apply to establishments 
of this sort in Great Britain, but to ours, as one of their 
brightest features, in a moral and literary point of view. 
We repeat, the child of indigence, who labors in a factory, 
enjoys advantages equal to any others, in acquiring a com- 
mon education. He has the same encouragement to indus- 
try and distinction. Republican principles, and republican 
institutions he is permitted to enjoy in their fullest extent. 

In addition to the public buildings which we have noticed 
in Southbridge, is that in which the Southbridge Bank trans- 
acts its business. This banking company was incorporated 
March 31st, 1836, beginning with a capital of $100,000. 
The increase of business demanded an increase of capital. 
In 1854, the capital was accordingly increased $50,000. We 
can confidently speak of this Bank as having been faithfully 
and discreetly conducted. Excepting some occasional re- 
verses, the stockholders have realized fair profits. Samuel 
Hitchcock, Esq. was the first president of the Bank. It had 
the benefit of his prudence and financial talents, for a series 
of years, and until feeble health compelled him to relinquish 
the office. Samuel Lane, Esq. has been the cashier, from 
the beginning. His long continuance in the responsible of- 
fice, is the best evidence of his fidelity and judicious man- 
agement. It is gratifying to believe that the Banks, in this 
Commonwealth, are on a much more safe footing than for- 
merly, and that they are exempt from that reckless specula- 
tion which resulted in severe losses to many a needy stock- 
holder. 

SAMUEL SLATER.— We introduce our remarks in re- 
lation to the manufacturing interest in Southbridge and 
Sturbridge with a brief sketch of the character of the man 
who has been justly denominated the father of American 



192 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

manufacturers. Tliis growino; and wide-spreading enter- 
prise is an imperishable memorial of Samuel Slater. Mr. 
Slater was born in Belper, Derbyshire County, England, on 
the 9th of June, 1768, His father belonged to a highly re- 
spectable class of yeomanry, in that section of country, 
who, like the most numerous, and far the most important 
class in our country, cultivate the earth, as their chief pur- 
suit. In this employment, so admirably adapted to the pro- 
motion of health and a vigorous physical constitution, Mr. 
Slater passed the juvenile period of his life. As to his early 
literary instruction, it was cliiefly confined to the advanta- 
ges of a common school. At school, his favorite study was 
arithmetic, thereby giving early indications of a clear and 
discriminating mind. Such menial discipline is quite in 
harmony with the study of the mechanic arts. At this pe- 
riod, spinning cotton by machinery, was in its infancy. 
About the year 177.5, Jeremiah Strutt commenced this mode 
of manufacturing in Helper, tlie residence of the Slater fami- 
ly. Young Slater, at the age of fourteen, became his ap- 
prentice, where he remained till the age of twenty one. 
His faithfulness and extraordinary fitness for the business 
in which he was engaged, won the confidence and high 
opinion of his master. He was intrusted, before the close of 
his apprenticeship, with the chief management of tiie con- 
cern. He had in view, some years before he left Mr. Strutt, 
America, as the theatre of his future operations. He un- 
doubtedly made all the preparation in his power for such a 
noble oliject. It evinced a mind of high order, and expan- 
sive views. 

On the first day of Sept. 1789, he left his native country, 
and arrived in New-York, the following November. His 
only written recommendation was his indenture. Not meet- 
ing with satisfactory encouragement in the state of New- 
York, where he remained a short time, his attention was 
directed to the State of Rhode-Island. After holding a short 
correspondence with Moses 13rowu, a man extensiyely 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 193 

known, he visited Providence. He there found more invit- 
ing water-privileges, and men, wlio were disposed to em- 
bark with him in the contemplated enterprise. 

WiUiam Ahiiy and Smiili Brown became his partners, to 
aid him in the prosecution of his plans. The laws of Eng- 
land, at that time, prohibited the emigration of their me- 
chanics, consequently Mr. Slater embarked for this country 
without the knowledge of even his relatives and friends. 
He also came without any models, or plans to aid him in 
the construction of machinery. This was no doubt a ne- 
cessary precaution. In the contemplated undertaking, his 
dependence was entirely on his memory and judgment. In 
making the experiment, he found himself in the most trying 
circumstances. He then foresaw, that his skill, ingenuity, 
patience, and perseverance, were to be put to the severest 
test. He could summon no one to his aid. He must de- 
pend entirely on his own intellectual resources. The multi- 
plied, various, and minute parts of the complicated machi- 
nery for spinning cotton, must all be made and nicely ad- 
justed by him. One would think the accomplishment of 
such a work, under such circnmstances, transcended human 
power. He did not shrink from the bold attempt. The 
process was long, tedious, and in the highest degree discour- 
aging. To liis perplexities in prosecuting the work, were 
superadded the doubts and discouragements of his associ- 
ates. We must remember that his reputation and future 
prospects essentially depended on the issue of this undertak- 
ing. Notwithstanding all the perplexities he was compelled 
to encounter, ho persevered until he accomplished the object 
he had so long in contemplation. How long he was en- 
gaged in this tedious process, we are not informed. 

A report has been in circulation, that when he had sup- 
posed his machinery was complete for operation, he was 
met by some undiscovered difficulties, which seemed to baf- 
fle all his ingenuity, and that during this painfid state of 
suspense, the solution of the difficulty was clearly revealed 

17 



194 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

to him in a dream. This rumor was without any founda- 
tion, as was also another, that a certain beautiful box was 
sent to him fro:n England, designed to take his life in the 
act of opening it. ^I'liere is no doubt, that his sleeping 
hours were disturbed with machinery, and that very many 
in his native country would not rejoice at his success hero. 
When we contemplate what Mr. Slater accomplished under 
such forbidding circmnstatices, we niust ascribe to liim an 
achieveiDcut which h;is few, if any parallel on record. Mr. 
Slater had now not only laid the foundation for a princely 
fortune for himself, but had opened a boundless field for 
American enterprise, industry, wealth, comfort, and conve- 
nience. The fame of Samuel Slater was universally spread 
througliout America and Europe. 

An interview between Gen. Jackson, and Mr. Slater, de- 
serves notice. Gen. Jackson when President, in his visit at 
the North, called on Mr. Slater, and addressed him as the 
father of American manufactures. "I understand'' said the 
President, " you taught us liow to spin, so as to rival Great- 
Britain in her manufactures — you set all these thousands 
of .spindles at vrork, which I have been delighted in view- 
ing, and which have made so many iiappy by a lucrative 
employment." " Yes, sir," said Mr. Slater, " I suppose I 
gave out the Psahn, and they have been singing to the time 
ever since." " We are glad to hear also, that you have real- 
ized something for yourself and family," said the Vice Presi- 
dent. "So am I ghd to know it," said Mr. Slater, " for I 
slKiuld not like to be a pauper in this country, where they 
are put up at auction to the lowest bidder." 

Mr. Slater possessed and jiractised, in an eminent degree, 
the moral virtues. He was a model of industry. For twen- 
ty years after he came to this country, he labored sixteen 
hours a day. Such an amniuit of labor nuist have been a 
severe tax upon any man's constitution. He was sysie- 
nialic in the arrangement of his aliairs, and scrupulously 
honest and honorable in all his niiiune and widely extended 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 195 

business transactions. He encouraged and aided others, 
especially those in the same line of business. He possessed 
the talent of expressing his thoughts and opinions in a la- 
conic manner. Speaking of tlic poor in regard to indnstry 
and its effects, he expresses himself thus, "employment 
and liberal pay, to the able bodied, promoie regularity and 
cheerfulness in the liouse, and drive the wolf from its door. 
Direct charity," he would say, " places its recipient under a 
sense of obligation, which trenches upon that independent 
spirit that all should maintain. It breaks his pride, and he 
soon learns to beg, and eat the bread of idleness without a 
blush. But employ and pay him, and he receives and en- 
joys with honest pride, that which he knows lie has earned, 
and could have received for the same amount of labor from 
any other employer." Mr. Slater possessed the pecidiar tal- 
ent of so expressing hin^seif in respect to matter and man- 
ner, as to secure the attention, and make a durable impres- 
sion on the minds of his hearers. 

Did our prescribed limits permit, it would be a pleasure 
to enlarge upon his charitable and benevolent disposition 
and acts. The really needy, always fonnd him ready to 
give them assistance in the way best suited to their neces- 
sities. His acts of-benevolence were exerted to promote the 
best interests of society. A Sunday School was established 
by him for the religious and literary instruction of all in his 
employment. He taught, Iiimself, and employed and re- 
warded others for overseeing and instructing. Many an in- 
digent child received in his Sabbath Schools such impres- 
sions and such instruction, as prepared the way for his fu- 
ture usefulness. Mr. Slater's Sunday School was among 
the firsts if not the first that was established in New-Eng- 
iand. His practical economy, not miserly, or even parsi- 
monious, at home and abroad, and in all his business trans- 
actions, was an example which every yonng man who 
wishes to succeed in business, may safely copy. His econ- 
omj was an established and controlling principle, adopted 



196 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

and practised, not exclusively for liisowii benefit, but for an 
example to others. It is readily perceived that example 
for good or for evil in such a sphere of action, would exert 
a powerful influence. We might illustrate these remarks 
by detailing particulars in his manner of Hl'e. It was mani- 
festly his laudable aim to improve and elevate the condition 
of the poorer portion of the community. 

Mr. Slater's plans, before they were carried into execu- 
tion, were thoroughly examined in all their bearings. If 
deemed feasible and useful, they were unwaveringly put 
into practice. Perseverance and decision were striking 
traits in his character. In summing up his prominent char- 
acteristics, the conclusion is irresistible, that he was an ex- 
traordinary man, and that his name will live as one of the 
most exemplary benefactors of America. 

The writer had the honor of an introduction to Mr. Sla- 
ter, and of enjoying his edifying conversation at several 
short intervals. He exhibited great simplicity of manners, 
and was entirely free from all appearance of ostentation or 
self-complacency. His utterance was deliberate and rather 
slow, his countenance somewhat grave, but not austere. In 
person he was large, corpulent and dignified. Mr. Slater 
died in 1835 at Webster. 

Designing to be brief in our sketches, we have omitted to 
speak of Mr. Slater's brother, John, who was connected 
with him many years in business. ^Ve have also omitted 
to speak of his happy domestic relations, of his large estate, 
and of the extent of his business transactions. Mr. Slater's 
life furnishes material sufficient for a volume of edifying and 
useful instruction. We acknowledge our indebtedness to 
the author of a very able sketch of Mr. Slater, published in 
Hunt's Merchant's Magazine of 1849. We recommend the 
reader to a perusal of that article for a more detailed ac- 
count of Mr. Slater's character. 

It was to be expected that the introduction of a new mode 
of manufacturing raw materials into cloth, so difterent in 



STURBUmGU AND SOOTHBRIDGE. 19T 

every respect from the old^ and upon so extensive a scale, 
would work a great change in domestic industry. Prior to 
this period, cloths for domestic use were manufactured al- 
most entirely in families. The wool, the flax, and the cot- 
ton, were carried through the various changes for their ap- 
propriate use, mostly by female hands. Most of the farmers 
produced flax and wool suflicient for their own supply, and 
some of them more than was necessary for tiiis purpose. 
Their calculation was, that their expenses should not equal 
their incomes. In regard to the manufacturing of cloths in 
families, the matron was commonly well skilled in this 
branch of industry, and the daughters were early trained in 
the same way. The adroit management of thfi wheel and 
the loom, combining melody with utility, was considered 
a valuable acquisition, and a sure passport to the possession 
of a more desirable position. The effect of this kind of 
profitable exercise, was physical vigor, and a glowing cheek. 
It was not necessary to resort to artificial modes of exer- 
cise, designed exclusively for exercise. The new brood of 
diseases, preying on the female consticution, was then un- 
known. The articles thus manufactured, were durable, 
and well adapted to the varied seasons of the year. Fe- 
males, as well as males, hnd their substantial woolen dress- 
es for the winter. Th^-y could fearlessly meet the piercing 
gales of the North-west, and with eqtial alacrity, if occasion 
required, attei^'vf to the calls of the sty, the flocks, and beards. 
But not^i^ithstanding we thus speak, it does not follow 
that the state of society, and the Country, did not demand 
the gi'eat change, which we are attempting to sketch. We 
were dependent on foreign nations, for many fabrics, which, 
if not absolutely necessary, were consistent with rational 
refinement. This dependence operated greatly to our dis- 
advantage, in regard to the price of the articles. India cot- 
ton cloth, very extensively in use, and not a substantial 
fabric, ranged from fifty cents, to a dollar per yard. Wool- 
en cloth, for a coat, not of a superior quality, five, or six 

17* 



198 HISTOBICAL SKETCH OF STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 

dollars per yard. The same may be said of other cloths. 
The great reduction in prices, all will allow, is the result of 
the great change, of which we are speaking, in manufactur- 
ing. This dependence operated greatly to our prejudice, 
in consequence of the interruption of commerce by hostili- 
ties, and other causes. The war of 1S12, with England, is 
an illustration in point. It taught us the precarious nature 
of dependence on foreign nations for supplies. This war 
awakened a strong interest in the newly begun enterprise, 
and gave it a powerful impulse. Men began to see clearly, 
that we must make the best of our own resources. Our 
rapidly increasing population, especially from emigration, 
demanded a new field of industry, to meet the urgency for 
support and employment. The industrious foreigner may 
now find employment, adapted to his previous instruction 
and habits. Idleness, the prolific source of immorality and 
crime, is discouraged, and, industry, by giving it more am- 
ple scope, is encouraged. 



SODTIIBRIDGE FACTORIES. 



The first machines, for manufacturing, propelled by me- 
chanical power, were those for carding wool, introduced in- 
to this part of the country about the year 180S. Their use 
was for the purpose of carding the wool of the farmers into 
rolls, to be spun and woven in families. The clothiers gave 
the cloih the finishing process, before it was prepared to be 
made up into garments. 

We are informed, that Dea. Sumner, still living in South- 
bridge, in the year 1811, manufactured the first wool, de- 
signed for sale, which was furnished by Calvin and Luther 
Ammidown, Esqrs. The terms for manufacturing were, 
that for every pound of wool furnished, a yard of cloth, 
dressed, ready for use, was to be returned. Those carding 
machines greatly facilitated the work of carding, and re- 
lieved many a female hand. Westville is undoubtedly en- 
titled to the honor of the first established cotton works, in 
this vicinity, which was in the year 1812. The venerable 
Mill having been recently repaired, there stands, as the 
mother of a very prolific and flourishing progeny around 
her. The following named individuals, viz : — the Rev. Ze- 
nas L. Leonard, Moses Fiske, Stephen Newell, John Plimp- 
ton, Ziba Plimpton, and Nathaniel Rider, commenced the 
enterprise. Soon being convinced that more skill and prac- 
tical knowledge than they possessed, were requisite to carry 
on the business profitably, the establishment passed into 



200 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

Other hands. Here is one of the best water privileges on the 
Quinaboag river. The cloth thus early nianufactnrcd at 
this mill, if not so highly finished, was strong and durable, 
and lound a ready market among the people in the com- 
munity. The business of this establishment, in conse- 
quence of some unfavorable circumstances, was, for a while, 
partially suspended. In the year 1853, Mr. Ballard made 
thorough repairs, and is carrying on the sattinette business, 
at this mill. A flourishing state of things is here again wit- 
nessed. Various other branches of industry are carried on 
in this village. It is obvious, here arc advantages for a 
very considerable eulargejnent of business. The village, 
although the ground is very uneven, is pleasant, being sur- 
rounded with delightful scenery. In the summer season, 
when nature is robed in her most beautiful attire, few places 
present more inviting rural attractions. The river, gliding 
through the midst of the village, is the crowning beauty of 
the scene. The sheet of water, rolling over the dam, fur- 
nishes the villagers with uninterrupted music, as well as a 
constant display of sparkling gems. Connecting these nat- 
ural advantages with the pleasantness of the place, it may 
be safely calculated there will be increasing thrift and pros- 
perity. 

About tlie year 1S12, the interruption and uncertainty of our 
commercial relations with Europe, gave a frosh impulse to 
^ the new enterprise. V/ater-privileges and water-power were 
sought and examined with lively interest. The Quinaboag 
was found to be much richer in those advantages than was 
ever before imagined. In the year IS13, the next cotton 
factory was erected by William Sumner, now owned by the 
Dresser Manufacturing Co. This establishment has carried 
on, excepting some short interruptions, a successful business 
for more than forty years. It has a good water-privilege, 
and every thing around it presents a neat and pleasant ap- 
pearance. The row of white cottages, for the operatives, 
situated on a rise of ground, attracts the favorable notice of 
the visitor. The capital stock of this company is $30,000. 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 201 

In tlie year 1S14. the foundation of tlie Globe-Village was 
laid. In that year the manufacturing of cotton was here 
commenced by David Fiske, Esq. his son, J. I, Fiske, Na- 
than Harding, Thomas Upham, Gershora Plimpton, and 
some others, having formed themselves into a company. 
The old buildmg of wood, then thought to be an uncom- 
monly large strncture, siill remains, a monument of the en- 
terprise. There let it stand, a cherished memorial of those 
men who erected it. 

This company, as in the first instance mentioned, became 
satisfied that they did not possess such knowledge and skill 
in the business, as would render it profitable to the owners. 
Another reason why they were obliged to snspend their op- 
eration, was that, to which we have allnded, the inauspi- 
cious state of our commercial relations, and the want of 
some protection to this juvenile interest. England flooded 
us with her fabrics, and was, no doubt, quite disposed to 
suppress the enterprise in its infancy. This establishment 
passed into other hands, who commenced the manufacturing 
of wool. Its owners were changed several times, before 
it fell into the possession of the present proprietors, the 
Hamilton Woolen Company. 

This is now one of the most successful establishments in 
the country. The proprietors of this concern, from time to 
time, have been subjected to losses, and various other kinds 
of reverses. The first large dam was swept away, result- 
ing in a heavy loss. The large and beautiful brick mill, 
built in 1837 and 1838, with its contents, was laid in ruins 
by fire, m the year 1850. Loss estimated at $180,000. 
Fortunately the company were able to sustain this heavy 
loss. Another building was soon erected on the spot of the 
old one, with a large addition. 

We give some interesting statistics, showing the amount 
of capital, and the products of the concern. The Hamilton 
Woolen Company was incorporated in 1831, with a capital 
of ^200,000, one half to be invested in real, and one half, in 



202 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

personal estate. In 1S39, the company was authorised to 
increase their capital $100,000 in real, and $-20li,000 in per- 
sonal estate. In 1S4(3, they were further authorised to in- 
crease their capital stock to an amount not to exceed one 
milhon dollars. The amount of capital paid in, is ^(300,000, 
divided into shares of .'^lOO. 

The manufacture of de laines was commenced in 1843, 
and a cotton mill was erected the next year for the manu- 
facture of the warps. In the year 1S50, as the production 
of de laines had increased, a larger cotton warp mill was 
built, and, the year following, the machinery for de laines 
was increased. The product of those mills, during the 
year ending June 1, 1S55, in manufactured de laines, was 
4,400,000 yards. The hands employed were 545 — 9iK)0 cot- 
ton spindles, and 9000 worsted spindles, with 18 sets of 
worsted cards. '^I'he cotton, mamifactured, was 330,01)0 lbs. 
and wool, 530,000, valued at $440,000. Also, 148,000 
yards of cassiinere, valued at about $110,000. One hun- 
dred hands, and six sets of machines, are employed, and 
155,000 poiuids of wool are maiuifactured into this article. 
The de laines printed, as hefoie stated, were about 4,400,000 
yards, valued at ,$700,000. 

The amount invested at Westville, is about $7,000. The 
company's works are all lighted with gas, at a cost of 
about $1,500 per annum. 

As this is the largest establishment in the two towns, we 
have been thus particular in giving its history. We are au- 
thorised to stale, that the do laines here manufactured, are 
not surpassed in quality, in any country. The company 
has been highly favored with men skilled in the business. 
A\e are indebted to Mr. Ballard, the present energetic agent, 
for the aid he has given us in obtaining the desired facts. 

This village now presents, in popidaiiou, buildings, and 
many convenient and tasteful improvements, the happy re- 
sults of the mauufucturing enterprise. Its vigorous growth 
has been promoted and sustained by men of business, men 



STURBRIDGE AND SODTHBRIDGE. 203 

who knew how to turn to a profitable accorait the natural 
advantages which here exist. Of this number, honorable 
mention is made of the names of a Sayles and a Hitchcock. 
They were co-workers, and efficient agents, in making the 
Globe-Village what it is. The former was cut down in the 
midst of his activity and usefulness. The latter retired some 
years since, and is enjoying the fruits of his industry and 
discreet calculations, Tiie old scattered dwellings mostly 
remain. The mansion of Gershom Plimpton, the first set- 
tler, considerably enlarged, is still there. Gershom Plimp- 
ton was the father of the late Gershom Plimpton, Esq. who 
succeeded to the paternal residence. Gershom, the son, was 
active in business, and active and influential in public con- 
cerns. We recollect very well his mother, the venerable 
widow, a very worthy and capable woman, who was al- 
ways ready to interest the hearer with the important 
events of her day. The oil-mill of Gershom, the younger, 
was, for many years, in successful operation. The dwel- 
ling-house of Capt. Samuel Newell, of revolutionary mem- 
ory, is still in a handsome condition. In the easterly 
part of the village, on the rise of ground, is the old 
homestead of Oliver Plimpton, Esq, another soldier of the 
revolution. In his days of activity, every thing in and 
around his dwelling, was a model of good taste, and good 
husbandry. Whether you take your position on any of the 
eminences around this village, or in the midst of it, the eye 
is met by a blended variety of natural and artificial beauties. 
How admirably does the Creator cheer us on in our pursuits 
of industry, by surrounding us with objects, which cannot 
fail to delight and cliarin ! — The men who first prepared the 
way for the growth and prosperity of the village, are all 
sleeping in their graves. Moses Plimpton, Esq. long fami- 
liarly known among us, and highly esteemed, was the clerk 
of the first company, then quite a young man. He has been 
recently removed by death, in a sudden and distressing man- 



204 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

ner. As tlic founders of this establishment, and as men of 
sterhng worth, their names deserve a record of remem- 
brance. 

In the year 1813, the first woolen mill erected, in what is 
now Southbridge, was on the old ]\Iarcy privilege, so called. 
It was parlially destroyed by fire in ISl-4, and soon after, re- 
built. The company was incorporated by the name of the 
Charlton Woolen Manufacturing Company. It coniinued in 
business, with some degree of success, until peace was rati- 
fied with Great Britain, in the year 1815. The double du- 
ties, which had been laid on foreign woolens, were about 
this time repealed. The country was soon flooded with 
foreign goods. The consequence was, the ruin of this, and 
many other of our infant manufactories. 

The Columbian Factory was erected in 1821, and carried 
on a profitable business, the most of the time, until it was 
destroyed by fire, in 1S43. This mill contained about 3000 
spindles and SO looms, and cost § 10,000. Here remains a 
small village, very pleasantly located, and a valuable water 
power now unoccupied. It is certainly an iuvitirig spot for 
industry and enterprise. It reminds us of the late nutch la- 
mented Moses Plimpton, Esq. of whom we have spoken. 
He had the principal charge of this esiablishment, for many 
years. This spot, having so many inviting attractions, we 
predict, will soon present a renovated business aspect. 

In the year 1836, the Ashland Mills were commenced by 
Larkin Ammidown, Esq. They were afterwards purchased 
by Missrs. Kimball and Co. and by them so nuich enlarged, 
as to render tlie establishment about equal in value to the 
Columbian. This mill was also destroyed by fire, in 1849, 
and has not been rebuilt. The water power is now used 
for grinding grain, and sawing lumber. 

Oiu" attention is next direcied to the central mills, built 
and owned by the Central Manufacliuing Company, 'i'iiis 
establishment was built in 1^3S, at a cost of about $110,000, 



STUEBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 205 

and contains 6000 spindles, and about 150 looms. For 
thoroughness, judicious arrangement, and good taste, in re- 
lation to the mills, and the buildings connected with them. 
it is not surpassed, as we beUeve, by any in the Common- 
wealth. It exhibits the comprehensive views and sound 
judgment of the individual who contrived and executed the 
work. In tracing the history of this great industrial inter- 
est, experience has taught a profitable lesson, which has 
been judiciously applied to practice. In works of this kind, 
there have been, obviously, great improvements, in respect to 
workmanship and durability. The contrast, in this particu- 
lar, between factories built at an early period, and those 
more recently, is very striking. The central factory, of 
which we have last spoken, fully confirms the truth of this 
remark. We witness evidence of progress in what is use- 
ful, and an aiming at higher and higher attainments. 

We are reminded, by this examination, that the manufac- 
turers of Southbridge have been subjected, at various times, 
to very serious losses and discouragements. Three very 
valuable mills, with most of their contents, have been de- 
stroyed by fire, and Uw others partially. The laws also in 
regard to protection, have severely tested the spiritof the en- 
terprise. Notwithstanding such formidable obstacles, they 
have persevered, and surmounted them all. In an enter- 
prise, so extensive in its operations, and even so useful, 
checks and depressions, have formed a part of its history. 
Entire exemption cannot hereafter be expected. The past 
has furnished a useful practical lesson for the future. Fac- 
tories, of this sort, seem to be peculiarly subject to destruc- 
tion by fire. The vast amount of property thus destroyed, 
is a calamity more and more alarming. 

What can be done to prevent, or even to render less fre- 
quent, the occurrence of such losses, is a momentous in- 
quiry. Is not more caution, than has hitherto been observ- 
ed, urgently demanded? Cannot ingenuity devise some 
additional safe-guards against so destructive an evil? By 
18 



206 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

such catastrophes, multitudes, for a time, at least, are 
thrown out of emplojancnt, and a vast amount of property, 
necessary for industry, and the support of life, is totally de- 
stroyed. 

The writer remembers very well, the origin and progress 
of this great enterprise. He remembers also the discour- 
agements which have been surmounted in its progress. 

Experiment has taught us that the operation of this great 
enterprise, instead of retarding, as was apprehended, has 
accelerated the progress of agriculture, and given it in- 
creased encouragement. The territory, necessary for its op- 
eration, is comparatively trifling. It has converted to 
■wealth and industry, a countless number of water-privi- 
leges, which had otherwise remained almost useless. Mark- 
ets for the sale, or exchange of agricultural products, have 
been multiplied without number. ^Vith the natural scenery 
of our rivers, are now united the utility and beauty of art. 
With the sound of the water-falls, is mingled the cheering 
hum of industry. 

Intimately connected with this, and other important in- 
dustrial interests, is the history of the proceedings of the 
government in relation to protection. A full narration of 
those proceedings would require volumes, and no small 
share of patience to peruse them, therefore only a brief 
sketch will be attempted in this work. The adjustment of 
a tariff, touching this important matter, has, for a long se- 
ries of years, enlisted the first talents of the country, and 
has been one of the principal questions, which have arrayed 
parties against each other. However absurd this may seem, 
as a common interest, the fact is incontrovertible. 

Congress, at the commencement of this great enterprise, 
was slow in its movefhents, in regard to protection. Al- 
though some of the first men of ihe South took the lead, in 
passing an act in its favor, that portion of the Union soon 
became generally opposed to protection, on the ground that 
it would operate against their interest. As it became more 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGB. 207 

and more a party question, many, at the North, no doubt, 
joined in the opposition to protection, merely to increase the 
strength of party. As a matter of duty and policy, it is 
clearly a dictate of common sense, that government is bound 
to extend all the aid, in its power, to protect and promote 
home industry. The English government has uniformly 
acted on this principle. Rarely has party opposition been 
so strong as to prevent that government, far-sighted in all 
its movements, from carrying it out. It is not a selfish 
principle, but perfectly compatible with the right of self- 
preservation. 

One of the most distinguished statesmen, who led in 
measures to protect American industry and enterprise, was 
Henry Clay, denominated the author of the American sys- 
tem. He surveyed with the eye of an impartial statesman, 
all the great and varied interests of the whole country, and 
shaped his political course accordingly. His elevated mind, 
to human view, was uninfluenced by sectional, or party 
considerations. Unwearied in his efforts to obtain such a 
tariff as would operate favorably, both for revenue and pro- 
tection, he had the satisfaction, at certain periods in the his- 
tory of this much agitated question, to witness its success. 
Daniel Webster, who stood on the highest pinnacle of intel- 
lectual elevation, uniformly exerted his unrivalled powers 
to obtain such a tariff. This difficult subject appeared to 
be as easily comprehended by him, in all its bearings, as 
any familiar question in mathematics. Again, and again, 
and again, did he elucidate, and enforce it in Congress, and 
before admiring audiences, in various sections of the coun- 
try. Who has not felt, after hearing, or reading his speech- 
es, that every thing was perfectly clear, said in the best 
possible manner, and that nothing was left unfinished. Mr. 
Webster's expansive and towering intellect embraced the 
whole country. That country he loved, and uniformly, 
through a long and glorious career, exerted that intellect to 
promote its best interests. Another man, whose clear and 



208 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

capacious mind, was long engaged in behalf of American 
industry, must not be passed over in silence. That man 
was John Davis. He made himself master of the subject, 
and fearlessly met the most powerful champions of the op- 
position. Many of the aged, now remember, with what 
ability and success he met the arguments of Mr. Mc Duffee, 
one of the ablest debaters of the South. Mr. Davis, at that 
time, had but recently entered upon his public career. As 
his forensic strength had not then been fully tested on the 
floor of Congress, there were fears that he had taken a posi- 
tion he would not be able to maintaiu. The result of the 
trial fully proved that he knew better than others, what he 
was able to accomplish. His friends were much gratified, 
and no longer doubted his ability to acquit himself ably and 
honorably, in whatever he undertook. His constituents 
honored him with a dinner, and a present of a valuable sil- 
ver pitcher. 

Another Representative from this district, the Hon. Charles 
Hudson, is entitled to much credit, for his indefatigable ex- 
ertions, to procure such a tariff as the interests of the coun- 
try demanded. In details and statistics, he was unwearied 
in his labors. In his many speeches, on this subject, his 
arguments were lucid and conclusive. Very many other 
dististinguished men might be naiDed, whose talents were 
exerted on the same side. We might speak of the Hon- 
Silas Wright, of the democratic party, as one of them, and 
one of the strongest men in the couniry. It must be ad- 
milted that there was talent of a high order, arrayed against 
protection, but the talent of this character, was principally 
confined to the South. John C. Calhoun, although early 
in favor, afterwards exerted his extraordinary powers 
against it. 

These remarks are intended merely to show the struggles, 
the conflicting opinions, and the uus tiled policy of the gov- 
ernment, in regard to protection. It is obvious the great in- 
terest of which we have been speaking, has been greally 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 209 

preiudiced, by such a fluctuating policy. It will however 
live, as we believe, a great and useful interest to us, in this 
vicinity, and to the country. 

In reference to social habits, moral, educational, and re^ 
ligious privileges, it must be considered, if rightly improved, 
afovorable circumstance, that manufacturing establishments 
are generally surrounded with an agricultural population, 
which is identified with thein, in the enjoyment of these 
privileges. The proprietors of well regulated establish^ 
ments, of this sort, are abundantly sensible of the happy m- 
fluence of civil and religions institutions ; and, greatly to 
their credit, have favored them with liberal patronage. As 
these two great interests are to continue together, m all com- 
ing time, it is of the first importance that they should move 
on harmoniously together, mutually promoting each other's 
prosperity. Harmony in views, and in action, is an essen- 
tial element to such a result. Cherishing this element, we 
may confidently look forward to the continued growth and 

prosperity of both. 

Those concerned in manufacturing establishments, have 
been charged with aiming at seclusion, and with exerting an 
undue influence, in the exercise of political privileges. It is 
not at all strange, that such charges should be in circula- 
tion, in the heat of political struggles, when parties are not 
very scrupulous, as to the means of compassing their ends. 
Vital interests must be sacrificed on the shrine of party. 
This great evil we believe to be more rife at present, than 
at any former period of our history. We speak of it here, 
because it appears to be one of the causes which have hith- 
erto disturbed the harmony of the two great interests. 

The intelligence and good sense of the people, have hith- 
erto arrested the progress of this evil, after it had reached 
such a point, as aroused into action this resistless force. It 
is a force on which a republic must depend for the correc- 
tion of evils of this kind. It is a truth which cannot be too 
strondy, and too frequently inculcated, that the people must 
18* 



210 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

be morally and intellectually enlightened, to enable them to 
exercise discreetly their controlling power. This enlighten- 
ment from the press, (which is said to be one of the safe- 
guards of liberty,) is certainly mixed with many dark 
shades. The remark is applicable to a great share of the 
etfusions from that source in political campaigns, occasions, 
when truth is more needed than on any other. It is to be 
lamented that party is exerting such an influence over the 
press; in seasons of elections especially, very little depen- 
dence is to be placed upon it, to guide the public mind. 
The party in power must have its journals to gloss over its 
measures, wise or unwise, right or wrong. It is admitted 
there are honorable exceptions. The press becomes a dan- 
gerous engine, when its aims are exclusively directed to 
compass party purposes. Although compelled to speak thus 
of our own, it has many redeeming qualities. It is the ve- 
hicle of a great amount of useful matter, which could not be 
so easily and cheaply obtained in any other way. 

How can the desired and necessary information, in very 
many cases, in reference to men and measures, be obtained 
without the aid of the press 7 It is admitted to be a ques- 
tion attended with difficulties. Our ancestors generally 
judged and acted discreetly, without much dependence on 
such aid. They examined measures and their effects by the 
test of sound common sense. Party did not divert them 
from the exercise of common sense, in their political course. 
This remark is fully illustrated by reference to the charac- 
ter and ability of the men who were elected to office during 
a quarter of a century after the organization of the general 
government, and during a much longer period after the or- 
ganization of our state government. 

It is conceded by all parties, that Washington, and Ad- 
ams, and Jefferson, and Madison, and Monroe, and the 
second Adams, were abundantly qualified as statesmen for 
the highest office in the gift of the people, and that they 
severally discharged the duties of that position with dislin- 



STUEBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 211 

guished credit to themselves, and to the country. The same 
remark holds true in reference to those, who for a long se- 
ries of years were elevated (o the chief magistracy of this 
Commonwealth. " Is he cajmble^ is he honest^''^ was an in- 
quiry which was not disregarded in the exercise of one of 
the most important privileges of the citizen. Such qualifi- 
cations have, obviously, for many years, been almost entire- 
ly neglected. Hence the multiplied crude and indiscreet 
measures and laws, with which our Commonwealth and the 
Country have been afflicted. 

We admit that we have advanced an inquiry which we 
are not able fully to answer. Experience and observation 
have taught us that an enlightened community will not 
long tolerate evils, seriously affecting its interests, and real- 
ized as such, without exerting its power to correct them. 
Let men think and investigate for themselves, and act ac- 
cording to the dictates of common sense, which was, as be- 
fore observed, a striking characteristic of our ancestors, then 
there will be little danger but that the evils to which we 
have alluded will be checked. The aspirant for distinc- 
tion, who possessed no claims to merit, found no sympa- 
thy, or support, from men of their stamp. 

The manufacturing interest is so intimately connected 
with all the other important interests of the country, that its 
prosperity, or depression, is felt by all. This idea we have 
more than once expressed. It cannot be too deeply impressed 
on the public mind. 



GENERAL GOVERNMENT. 



In the conclusion of our sketch, we subjoin some general 
remarks on tlie several administrations of the general gov- 
ernment, from its first organization to the present time. 
The manccuvcrings and developments of tl^iC spirit of party, 
(so called) during this period, furnishes a prolific theme for 
curious investigation. This element in our body politic, 
has, at certain periods, no one will den^'-, exerted a most 
unfavorable influence, both at elections, and in the admin- 
istration of the government. Its influence, to a certain ex- 
tent, may be a salutary check, but when it marshals an or- 
ganized faction, the general interests, the general welfare 
are totally overlooked, and the aims of the faction are ex- 
clusively regarded. Our history exhibits quite too many 
repulsive features of this sort, 

WASHINGTON, who was at the head of our armies 
from the commencement, to the triumphant termination of 
the conflict, was again by the unanimous voice of his coun- 
try, elevated to the liighest civil trust in its gift.* On the 
30th day of April, 1789, the oath of office was administered 
to George Washington, President of the United States; the 
man who was emphatically " first in war, first in peace ! 
first in the hearts of his countrymen." 

* The Confederation, styled the United States of America, vas in force from 
1777 to ITS'J. At the latter period, the Constitution superseded the Confed- 
eration. 



HISTORICAL SKETCH OP STUEBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 213 

With the history of Washington's administration, every 
child ought to be famihar. The historian loves to dwell 
upon it. Time has ratified it as a model administration, in 
all its prominent features. The parallel between Washing- 
ton and Alfred the Great, is very striking in many impor- 
tant particulars. Each rescued his country from foreign in- 
vasion ; each laid the foundation of his country's prosperity ; 
both were patriots above reproach ; both iiave secured im- 
perishable fame. 

Party spirit began to assume a threatening aspect near 
the close of Washington's administration. Our foreign re- 
lations, at that period, were the chief causes which arrayed 
parties against each other. That irreproachable patriot did 
not escape the scurrilous denunciations of a few turbulent 
spirits. The great mass of the people frowned with indig- 
nation upon such conduct. An anecdote related to the wri- 
ter by the late venerable Dr. Pierce of Brookline, illustrates 
the common sentiment in regard to Washington, at that 
time. When a young man. Dr. Pierce was associated with 
Ebenezer Adams, the distinguished mathematician, as as- 
sistant preceptor of Leicester Academy. A newspaper 
found its way into the Academy, which contained some 
scurrilous remarks against Washington. A question at once 
arose, Avhat disposition should be made of the paper. It 
was deliberately decided that some one should take the pa- 
per with the tongs, and put it into the fire. This appar- 
ently trivial affair, was a significant expression of that high 
respect and strong affection which was felt, not only in that 
locality, but throughout the country towards Washington 
as its political father. The Jay treaty, (so called,) raised 
a storm which raged somewhat violently for a while. Wash- 
ington was the man to assuage it. He submitted the treaty 
to the people for their deliberation, before he made up his 
own mind on the subject. It summoned to its investigation 
the first talents of the nation. Volumes were written for 
and against it. Hamilton, under the signature of Camil- 



214 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

his, in a great number of articles, spread before the public, 
the wonderful resources of his mind in favor of the treaty 
Washington, after surveying the subject in all its bearings, 
gave his sanction to the treaty. Practical results evinced 
the soundness of his judgment. Time, we may safely pre- 
dict, will not diminish the lustre of the name of Washing- 
ton. 

JOHN ADAMS succeeded Washington in the presidency, 
March 4th, 1797. He had performed a noble and distin- 
guished part in the struggle for independence. Through- 
out this struggle, he was bold, uncompromising, and perse- 
vering in his course. This same trait of character, he car- 
ried with him into the presidential chair. He had made 
himself familiar with the most prominent systems of gov- 
ernment then in existence, or that had existed. Some of 
the stringent measures which he recommended, were not 
favorably received by large numbers, and rendered him 
somewhat unpopular. The monarchical views with which 
he was charged, had in reality no foundation. His strong 
feelings in the prosecution of measures, it is not improba- 
ble, carried him occasionally beyond the bounds of strict 
prudence. Opposition increased rapidly during his admin- 
istration, and obtained such an ascendency as to elect Mr. 
Jeflerson his successor. The principal disagreement of 
those two statesmen, ^.we believe, was in reference to our 
foreign relations. Mr. Adams was charged with preposses- 
sions in favor of England, ^and Mr. Jclferson in favor of 
France. They disagreed in some particulars in relation to 
our home interests. The growtii and prosperity of the ris- 
ing Republic, were, no doubt, thc^controUing motive which 
actuated both. Mr. Jeflerson, possessing a philosophic turn 
of mind, projected schemes which were deemed visionary. 
Notwithstanding some of his theories would not bear the 
test of practical experiment, they evinced a mind reaching 
after improvements. His administration was very popular 
with his party, and no doubt, justly so in its most important 



STUEBEIDGE AND SOUTHBEIDGE. 215 

particulars. The acquisition of Louisiania was one of the 
fruits of his administration Mr. Jefferson was eminently a 
civilian, without any of the requisites of a military com- 
mander. In his sphere of action, in the great struggle, the 
brilliant part he performed, has immortalized his memory. 
As a statesman, as a patriot, as an able and polished writer, 
he ranks among the first men of his own, or any other age. 
During his administration, it was high tide with the spirit 
of party. Very few thought of taking a neutral position. 
The mighty commotions of Europe deeply agitated the pub- 
lic mind in America. Both sexes, of all ages, were pro- 
foundly versed in politics, or imagined themselves so, and 
were "quite willing to have it distinctly understood, on 
which side they were arrayed. 

*THOMAS JEFFERSON entered upon the duties of his 
office, March 3d, 1801, and held it two terms in succession. 
JAMES MADISON held the same high position from 
March 4th, 1809, to March 3d, 1817. During his adminis- 
tration, the war of 1812, (so called,) the second war with 
the mother country, was waged, and prosecuted with vigor, 
during three years, attended with victories and defeats on 
both sides. The administration was censured by the op- 
position, for declaring war before sufficient preparation was 
made for such a conflict. It is probable the censure was 
not without some foundation. The war itself was sufficient 
to arouse and sustain a state of high excitement. Although, 
in the destruction of life and property, the war was greatly 
to be deprecated, it is quite sure we lost nothing in the re- 
sult, in point of martial prowess. It is not our intention to 
dwell upon the events in detail, although they are full of 
thrilling interest. Peace was restored in 1815. The news 
was received with universal joy. We, in the village of 

* The electorial vote for Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, being equal, 
no choice was made by the people. On thelhirty -sixth ballot by the house of 
Representatives, Thomas Jefferson was elected President. 



216 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 

Sturbridge, manifested our gratification by illuminating the 
church and private dwellings. The venerable Gen. New- 
ell led the way in this movement. His mansion presented 
a more brilliant and imposing appearance than any other. 
Mr. Madison manifested a lively interest in the political con- 
cerns of his country. His mind was thoroughly trained in 
the school of politics. In constitutional, legislative, and in- 
ternational questions, his views were clear and comprehen- 
sive. The cabinet, and not the field, was his appropriate 
sphere of action. During his administration, it is well re- 
membered that the Capitol was burnt by the enemy. Had 
a Washington, a Jackson, or a Taylor, been at the head of 
the Government at that time, it is presumable such a catas- 
trophe would not have occurred. Although his qualifica- 
tions, as before observed, were almost exclusively of a civil 
character, he filled the executive chair with distinguished 
ability. His venerable widow, as also the widow of Gen. 
Hamilton, having each, measured almost a century, have 
but recently passed away. 

JAMES MONROE entered upon the duties of the ofiice 
of President, March 4th, 1817. He held the ofiice two 
terms; the latter terminating 3d of March, 1825. At this pe- 
riod, the public mind was gradually tending to a more qui- 
escent state. Mr. Monroe's course was admirably calcu- 
lated to disarm opposition, and conciliate parties. His sec- 
ond election was almost, if not quite unanimous. No man's 
presidential course was more quiet, or less annoyed by 
party opposition than Mr. Monroe's. If public acquies- 
cence is a test of the wisdom of measures, Mr. Monroe's re- 
ceived such a test. He bore arms in the RevoUition, and 
carried the marks of his bravery through life. His services 
in the field, were, no doubt, remembered with gratitude by 
his country. He did not possess the native powers of 
mind of cither of his predecessors, but was well furnished 
with practical attainmeuls. He had represented his coun- 
try at ilie Court of St. James, and was thoroughly versed 



STUKBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 217 

in diplomacy. He was theoretically and practically an in- 
defatigable student and co-worker in the political affairs of 
his country, and was well prepared for the high trust he 
discharged with so much acceptance to the public. Like 
some other devoted patriots, his attention was so much en- 
grossed for the public, that his own private interests were 
almost forgotten. His possessions consisted almost exclu- 
sively of a well-earned reputation. During his administra- 
tion, Florida was ceded to the United States by Spain, and 
had a territorial government established in 1822. 

JOHN Q. ADAMS, not having received a majority of 
the votes of the electors, was chosen by the House of Repre- 
sentatives, President, and entered upon the duties of his of- 
fice, March 4th, 1825. Mr. Adams possessed superior qual- 
ifications for the station. Gifted with uncommon native 
powers of mind, no pains were spared to cultivate and ma- 
ture them. Mr. Adams was emphatically a ripe scholar, 
and probably had not a superior in this respect, in the 
United States. As a legislator, as a diplomatist, in short, 
as a statesman, his public life furnished abundant evidence 
of his eminent qualifications for ofiice. Favored with pe- 
culiar advantages for the acquisition of such attainments, 
as before remarked, they were industriously improved. He 
had at several different periods, represented his Country at 
the first Courts in Europe. In negociating the treaty at 
Ghent in 1815, although his associates were men no less dis- 
tinguished than Henry Clay, and James A. Baird, they 
readily accorded to him the lead in the negociation. In his 
public career, trammelled by no party restraints, his course 
was according to the dictates of his own opinion. He 
made no promises, no bargains, the better to enable him to 
obtain favor, or ofiice. 

For this sort of manoeuvering, which so disgracefullj' 

marks the political movements of the present day, John Q. 

Adams had no sympathy. Had he condescended to such 

degredation. he probably might have been more popular for 

19 



218 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

the time being, especially, in the estimation of men who 
disregard the means how they compass their ends. During 
his presidency, we recollect the remark of a gentleman in 
reference to Mr. Adam's familiarity with the duties of his 
station. Reading one of his productions, the gentleman 
observed, "Mr. Adams always writes like a man who is 
at home on his subject." His administration commanded 
respect at home and abroad. Although thus peculiarly fit- 
led for the highest trust in the gift of the people, his popu- 
larity was not sufficient to secure a second election. Up to 
the time Mr. Adams quit the executive chair, it must be ac- 
knowledged that all its incumbents were fitted to discharge 
its duties with ability and distinguished credit to themselves 
and to the country. From this period, we are compelled to' 
believe there has been a marked decline in the fitness of 
most of those who have been elevated to that position. To 
what is this declention to be ascribed, but to the unwarrant- 
able aspirations of party ? General intelligence has not di- 
minished, but the same cannot be said of the controlling mo- 
tive to promote the general welfare. 

ANDREW JACKSON, the immediate successor of Mr. 
Adams, entered upon the duties of the office of President, 
the 4th of March, 1S29. His second term terminated March 
3d, 1S37. He was fresh from the field of glory. His sig- 
nal victory, at New-Orleans, Jan. 8th, 1815, added new lus- 
ter to the high military reputation he had already gained. 
His popularity secured his election by a large majority. 
His administration, during both terms, was far from be- 
ing of a neutral character. In relation to the wisdom and 
expediency of some of his measures, there was a diver- 
sity of opinion. Some of his warm adherents did not 
fully acquiesce in them all. It was thought he assumed 
too much, and did not sufficiently regard constitutional 
and legal provisions. In energy of character, and deter- 
mined execution of purpose, Gen. Jackson strikingly re- 
sembled Henry the eighth. If a record, made by the highest 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 219 

legislative anthovitj'', did not meet with his approbation, he 
could command it to be expunged. If a banking institution, 
deriving its powers from the general government, was, in 
his opinion, exerting an unfavorable influence, he could 
doom it to annihilation. If a decision of the Supreme Court, 
did not harmonize with his construction of the law, he did 
not hesitate to disregard it; if nullification was threatening 
the integrity of the Union, his frown could, at once, arrest 
its progress. His course, in many important particulars, no 
doubt, merited public approbation, and exerted a salutary 
influence. His administration, in connection with his per- 
sonal character, commanded respect at home and abroad. 
It will hold a conspicuous place on the page of history, pre- 
senting much which ought to be approved, and much of 
doubtful expediency. His powers of mind, although not 
thoroughly disciplined in the sciences, were strong and vig- 
orous. His opinions were probably mostly formed from 
practical experience, and the keen observation of men and 
measures. ,The durability af his fame is, undoubtedly, more 
securely based on his miliiari/, than on his civil character. 
Decision and frankness characterized his measures. They 
were such as kept the spirit of party in full exercise. No 
man heeded its influence less. 

MARTIN VAN BUREN, as the immediate successor of 
President Jackson, entered upon the duties of the office of 
President, March 4th, 1837, and held it one term. Mr. Van 
Buren was not deficient in talents, or in familiarity with 
the political interests of the country. He entertained a high 
opinion of Gen. Jackson, and declared at the commence- 
ment of his presidential career, that he should follow in the 
foot-steps of his illustrious predecessor. It is very doubtful, 
if disposed, whether he possessed the requisites essential to 
carry out the declaration. He v/as not an exact counter- 
part of Gen. Jackson. The course of his illustrious prede- 
cessor, whether right or wrong, was strait-forward, and 
free from subterfuge, or disguise. His expressed intentions 



220 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

were uniformly followed by correspondent action. In this 
particular, the parallel was very far from being complete. 
In the exercise of the veto power, there was a striking re- 
semblance in their official course. This power, it was gen- 
erally admitted, was too freely used by both. It is a dan- 
gerous power in the hands of the man of limited qualifica- 
tions for the executive chair, as also in the hands of the 
man who is not suflicicntly scrupulous of transcending the 
limits of his authority. In either case, it is subject to abuse, 
hi the hands of the able and upright statesman, it is no 
doubt, a wise provision in the constitution. It is not our 
intention to dwell upon the merits, or demerits of Mr. Van 
Buren's administration, or to impugn his motives. Party 
spirit ran high, and a troublous state of things existed. 

The currency was in a fluctuating condition, and there 
existed a want of confidence in the stability of banks. Ex- 
changes were high, and commerce subjected to serious em- 
barrassments. Defalcations in those who had the charge 
of the public revenue, were frequent, and very considerable 
losses were sustained. In this particular, Mr. Van Buren, 
as was also President Jackson, unfortunate, in some of 
their appointments. Mr. Van Buren is the father of the 
sub'treasury system. It had long been his favorite meas- 
ure. Before the close of his administration, there was an 
unmistakable desire manifested for a change. "^I'he opposi- 
tion resorted to extraordinary movements in their oflbrts to 
accomplish their object. Although there was nothing ex- 
ceptionable in those movements but a want of manly digni- 
ty, they have not been deemed of sufficient authority to be 
repeated. The log-cabi'n had its day, and will not probably 
again exert its magic influence in making presidents. It 
Mr. Van Buren was not successful in the high position to 
which he was elevated, it doe.^ not follow that he has not 
been useful to his country in other important trusts which 
he has discharged. We pass from his administration to that 
of President Harrison, which was iituited to one month. 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 221 

WILLIAM H. HARRISON was elected President and 
entered upon its duties, March 4th, 184L 

Gen. Harrison had performed important military ser- 
vices for his country, and had very justly gained the repu- 
tation of a brave and skillful officer. The achievement at 
Tippicanoe, in a battle with the Indians, in 1810, was sound- 
ed far and wide in his praise. He, like Washington and 
Wayne, had the sagacity to meet the stratagems of the In- 
dians in their peculiar mode of warfare. This victory was 
followed with decisive results, as it regards the Indians in 
that quarter. Bravery and skill in defence of one's coun- 
try, will irresistibly exert a powerful influence on the pulv 
lie mind. Gen. Harrison had held a seat in the Senate of 
the United States, and other civil offices, but we must as- 
cribe his popularity, in an important degree, to his military 
character. Those who were well acquainted with his civil 
qualifications, did not hesitate to say, that they beheved he 
would discharge the duties of Chief Magistrate with credit 
to himself and to the countr5^ The popular current which 
ran so powerfully in his favor would be no trivial auxiliary 
in the discharge of his ofhcial responsibilities. The gather^ 
ings of the people, to v^^hich we have alluded, were a strong 
and significant expression, not only in favor of a change in 
the administration, but in favor of Gen. Harrison. 

At the threshold of his presidential career, one important 
i3vidence he manifested of his fitness for the station, was the 
selection of his Cabinet. It was composed of the first tal- 
ents of the country, with Daniel Webster at its head. Thus 
auspicious was the brief presidential career of president Har- 
rison, when he was removed by death, universally lamented. 
His character was adorned with sterling virtues. He was, 
in short, an honest man. 

JOHN TYLER, took the oath, of office of President, 
April 6th, 184L When entering upon its duties, he explic- 
itly expressed his intention of carrying out the views of his 
lamented predecessor. His address was a well written and 
19* 



222 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

flattering document. Experience had taught us that im- 
plicit confidence is not always to be placed in the fulfiUment 
of promises. So it proved in reference to the promises of 
Mr. Tyler. His political standing in subordinate stations 
had commanded respect, and gave flattering assurance that 
he might sustain a more elevated one with equal credit. 
Experiment proved that he was unequal to the discharge of 
liic hiyii trust which accidentally devolved upon him. 
Perhaps the thought had hardly, for a moment, been enter- 
tained that it was possible that iJr. "^{'yler miglit occupy 
the place of President Harrison, as such a vacancy had not 
before occurred in the history of our government. It is be- 
lieved .Air. Tyler was not at all conscious of any inability to 
occupy tlic highest position. He evidently shaped his 
course with reference to a second term , consequently his 
measures vacillated wilh the manceuverings of party. 

The qualities of a great and impartial statesman, govern- 
ing himself according to the claims of his station, Mr. Tyler 
possessed in a limited degree. The Cabinet which Presi- 
dent Harrison had so discreetly selected, all resigned except 
Mr. Webster. His continuance, a while longer, at least, 
was deemed indispensable to attempt the settlement of some 
important questions. Discontent prevailed more and more 
in consequence of Mr. Tyler's instability, and devious course 
of conduct. In endeavoring to gain the favor of all parties, 
he secured the approbation of none. He made very free 
use of the re/o power. It was unfortunate for him and to 
the country, that so important a trust should devolve upon 
him. We sketch his character, thus frankly, as the chief 
executive magistrate; as a citizen, it is said to be unexcep- 
tionable. 

JAMES K. POLK entered upon the duties of President, 
March 4th, 1845. The indiscreet workings of party, at the 
time he was suddenly introduced as a candidate for the of- 
fice, claim special notice. He was comparatively an obscure 
man, having furnished no special claims to the odice, in 



STUKBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 223 

services to his country, or as evidence of iiis ability to dis- 
charge its duties. He had been a member of Congress, and 
held a respectable standing in that body. The nomination 
was, no doubt, as surprising to himself as it was to the na- 
tion. The opposing candidate was Henry Clay, whose 
well-earned fame and transcendant qualifications, were fa- 
miliar to almost every child in the nation. Every honest 
man, free from the trammels of party, would exclaim, Henry 
Clay is the man for President of the United States. The 
honor and the interests of the nation, at home and abroad, 
claim him for its chief Magistrate. Henry Clay had for al- 
most half of a century, exerted his rare and brilliant pow- 
ers in promoting the best interests of the Union. Although 
a southern njan, he stood aloof from sectional prejudices, 
and embraced in his expansive views, the whole country. 
Mark the sequel ! James K. Polk was elected, and Henry 
Clay defeated ! Such a result is not a very cheering illus- 
tration of the elective franchise, or of republican principles. 
One of the mo5#, if not the most suitable man could not be 
ilected to fill the most important office in the gift of the peo- 
ple ! 

Look at consequences. The nation was soon involved 
in an offensive war with Mexico. It was evidently waged 
without sufiicient cause. The principal cause alleged, was 
that Mexico had neglected to fulfill her pecuniary engage- 
ments ; not that she had refused to do so. It is a principle 
well established, that the declaration of an offensive war 
should be the last resort of a nation. We cannot escape 
the imputation of a violation of this humane principle. The 
war bore a strong resemblance to those which have been 
waged and carried on exclusively for conquest. We cannot 
avoid reflections of this sort, when we call to remembrance 
our prowess, and the victories attending our arms. Had 
Mexico been a powerful nation, and a match for us, there is 
no doubt the action of our government would have been 
quite different. Whether so or not, justice demanded the 



224 HISTORICAL SKETCH 0)? 

same course of conduct on our part. A nation is under as 
solemn obligations to be governed by principles of justice, 
humanity, and honorable conduct as individuals, and much 
more so. If we needed additional acquisitions of territory 
from Mexico, there was very little doubt they might have 
been obtained to the full extent of our wishes, without the 
use of sword, or bayonet. "War is certainly to be deprecated, 
whether in self-defence, or otherwise. Had Mr. Clay been 
elected, there are strong reasons to believe that every thing 
would have been effected by negociation, which justice and 
honor demanded. Although aided by able counsellors, the 
Executive is regarded as responsible for tlie acts of the gov- 
ernment, and consequently he siiould be competent to con- 
«rol and direct. This position is fully illustrated in our own 
history, as well as in that of other nations. The war was 
very hastily declared. It is not to be understood there was 
not a large and powerful party in favor of it. The almost 
unbroken series of brilliant victories which crowned our 
arms, was exceedingly captivating, especially in the minds 
of the young. When such results follow, many are not dis- 
posed to examine very minutely the merits, or demerits of 
the grounds of the conflict. The result of this contest, was 
a vast extent of new territory, thrown into our hands, and 
a long and vexed state of things among ourselves, in dispos- 
ing of it. It revived afresh the question of slavery, and 
fresh acrimony on this vexatious subject. A compromise, 
particularly in reference to slavery, was deemed necessary 
to allay the raging elements, and, if possible, produce more 
reconciliation throughout the Union. The Compromise 
Measure, commanding to its aid the first talents of the coun- 
try, was consummated, in 1850. 

ZACHARY TAYLOR succeeded Mr. Polk in the exec- 
utive chair, March 4th, 1849. Gen. Taylor had not been 
very extensively known, especially at the North, before the 
Mexican war. He was the commander of the first troops 
whicli invaded Mexico, and very soon attracted universal 



STUEBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 225 

attention. His discreet conduct, even from tlie commence- 
ment of hostilities, produced a more and more favorable im- 
pression of him as a commander, and as a man. As those 
military operations became more extended, and the skill of 
the commander put to a severer test, he was found equal to 
the exigences of his position. The public knowing the fear- 
ful odds, in point of numbers which were arrayed against 
him, its solicitude was, at times, intense, as to the result. It 
is said that the Duke of Wellington, having traced, with 
great accuracy, the movements of the conflicting parties, 
and the perilous situation in which Gen. Taylor was at 
times placed, pronounced him, after the achievements of 
some of his signal victories, one of the greatest generals of 
the age. At the most critical juncture, he was deprived by 
the orders of his government, of some of his forces. What- 
ever might be its intention in so doing, the result rendered 
Gen. Taylor's success more brilliant. Gen. Jackson who 
had long known Gen. Taylor, spoke of his military talents 
in terms of high commendation. 

Such, in brief, had been Gen. Taylor's brilliant course 
in the Mexican war, that his name became very familiar 
throughout the country. The general impression was, that 
no man could have acquitted himself more discreetly and 
bravely in that responsible position. Under these favorable 
circumstances, the public being almost captivated with his 
military character, he was brought forward as a candidate 
for the presidency. Yery many who admired his military 
talents, doubted his fitness for the highest civil station. 
Knowing that most of his life had been spent in camps, 
they inferred that his knowledge, as well as his experience, 
as a civilian, must be very limited. These doubts, together 
with the slavery question, and other causes, led to the for- 
mation of a ne\v party, denominated the Free-Soil party. 
The more his qualifications were investigated and devel- 
oped, the more favorably impressed was the public mind in 
behalf of the nomination. His literary attainments were 



226 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

found to be respectable, and that he was by no means igno- 
rant of tlie political interests of his country. He was found 
also to be an honest man, possessed of a good share of com- 
mon sense, and of great firmness and decision of character. 
He avowed that Washington should be his model. Al- 
though a southern man, and a slave-holder, it was believed 
that neither Southern, nor Northern partialities, or preju- 
dices, would divert him from such a course, as he deemed 
would promote the general and best interests of his country. 
When Gen. Taylor entered upon the duties of his office, 
he had become generally very popular. Although not prac- 
tically a statesman, he possessed a strong penetrating mind, 
and, as we have before observed, a great share of common 
sense. These qualifications, united with correct intentions, 
enabled him to take a pretty accurate view of the general 
state of aftairs. In the short experiment he was spared to 
make of his fitness, the country was not disappointed. In 
this experiment, he furnished incontestable proof that neither 
threats, nor flattery, could divert him from what he deemed 
the correct course of his duty as chief magistrate. He was, 
by no means, tenacious of his own opinions, nor did he al- 
low himself to transcend the bounds of the executive de- 
partment. In his opinion, each department of the govern- 
ment was entitled to the free exercise of its constitutional 
duties, without executive interference. Nor did he think it 
within the constitutional scope of the Executive to arrest 
the progress of a bill by the exercise of the veto power, un- 
less the case were clearly within that provision. President 
Taylor commanded respect as a chief Magistrate, and as a 
man. His public documents were an undisguised exhibi- 
tion of his opinions iind intentions. 

Public opinion had been gradually increasing in his fa- 
vor, as a chief Magistrate, and at the time of his death, it 
was well established, that he was pursuing a judicious 
course. The materials, however, which secure his durable 
time, are mostly confined to his military cliaracter. Before 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 227 

one year had elapsed, from the time of his inangeration, 
the presidential chair was rendered vacant by his much la- 
mented death. The high trust devolved on MILLARD 
FILLMORE, the Vice President. During his administra- 
tion, in the year 1850, the Compromise Act, (so called,) 
embracing the provision in relation to fugitive slaves, was 
passed. This period was a thrilling juncture in our politi- 
cal affairs. An extensive territory, with a large population, 
had been thrown upon our hands, as the fruits of the war. 
In regard to the disposition of this immense acquisition of 
territory, the public mind was greatly agitated by conflict- 
ing opinions. As, at the time when the constitution was 
formed, the slavery question was one of great perplexity. 
Serious apprehensions were indulged that the integrity of 
the Union was in imminent danger. There were strong 
and decided feelings, of a large party, that nothing should 
be conceded to extend, or favor slavery. The slavery por- 
tion of the Union was equally decided in favor of conces- 
sions to their interests. The slavery question was in fact, 
the most momentous in the issue, Whatever might be the 
arrangement, where such conflicting interests and feelings 
exist, universal satisfaction cannot be expected. Fortit- 
nately the country was still favored with the most eminent 
talents. A Webster, a Clay, and a Calhoun, those brilliant 
lights, still adorned the Senate. Mr. Webster was, undoubt- 
edly, the master spirit. Every eye, at the North espe- 
cially, was watching his movetnents. Planting himself on 
the broad basis of the whole country, he resolved to attempt 
such'an adjustment, as he deemed the peculiar state of pub- 
lic affairs demanded. Mr. Clay labored assiduously in plan- 
ning and promoting the Compromise Measure. He felt 
that his services for his country were drawing near a close. 
Mr. Calhoun, although it was well known he possessed 
strong Southern feelings, manifested a conciliatory spirit. 

The speeches of those men, breathed the spirit of concili- 
ation. In debating the subject, in all its bearings, Mr. Web- 



228 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

ster rose equal to himself. He too, felt that his part, in this 
measure^ would be one of the last ads of his public life, and 
that an amazing weight of responsibility rested upon him. 
Whatever might be his course, it was hardly to be expected 
that he would escape party missiles, and party denuncia- 
tions. They were, in fact, irom some quarters, bestowed 
upon him with an unsparing hand. The provision for re- 
turning fugitive slaves has been denounced in strong terms. 
If such a provision was indispensable m the compromise, the 
trial by jury ought also to be indispensable. We are, how- 
ever to presume the best was done, that could be done, in 
existing circumstances. With the exception of the fugitive 
slave provision, experiment has tended to prove the wisdom 
of the Compromise Measure. The public feeling was set- 
tling down to a quiescent state, when it was suddenly 
aroused again, by an act which we shall hereafter notice. 
Mr. FiUmore's course was calculated to produce a conserva- 
tive state of feeling, and to secure respect for his adminis- 
tration. He was not inclined to any rash, or doubtful meas- 
ures. His Cabinet was composed of Mr. Webster and other 
very able men. His example shows the necessity of se- 
lecting a man for the second office, who is equal to filling 
the first. He was censured by many, in not exercising the 
veto power, in the Compromise Act. 

Here we would make a remark in relation to elevating 
distinguished military men to the office of chief magistrate. 
Objections have been made to such men on the score of 
their military character for such a civil trust. The objec- 
tions probably arise from an apprehension, that the propensi- 
t}'' of such men would be to encourage a military spirit, and 
that this high trust might be in danger of being abused by 
an ambitious man. Ancient history furnishes many exam- 
ples of such abuse. Even now, in this enlightened portion 
of the world, there are large numbers, who are captivated 
with military achievements. Such achievements are quite 
a sure passport to civil promotion, as we have been experi- 



STUBBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 229 

mentally taught. It must be admitted, that we have not 
by the trial thus far, realized any of the apprehended evils. 
The man of correct principles, who has been personally en- 
gaged, and who has personally witnessed the horrors of war, 
is, we believe, quite as much inclined to avoid a repetition 
of them, as the man who has had no such experience. The 
administrations of Washington, Jackson, and Taylor, con- 
firms the truth of this remark. It cannot be denied that the 
military reputation of those men, while incumbents of the 
executive chair, exerted a controlling influence at home 
and abroad. The man who can skillfully marshal an army 
of fifty, or even twenty thousand men, is not an ordinary 
man. 

It is to be hoped the period is distant in this country, 
when it will be again necessary to put skill of this sort to 
the test. The father of our country deemed it necessary to 
be prepared for war, in a time of peace, although no man 
would do more to avoid war than Washington. He had 
witnessed and felt the effects of war ; he had realized the 
blessings of peace. He is an illustrious example for all his 
successors, not only as a consummate commander, but as a 
consummate statesman, keeping constantly in view the 
honor, the harmony, and the highest prosperity of his coun- 
try. 

Comparing the present qualifications for office, with those 
which the public demanded, in the days of Washington, 
Adams, Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe, as before remarked, 
we are deeply impressed with a lamentable declention. 
This disregard of qualifications, is not confined to the high- 
est office, but is strikingly developed in those of a subordi- 
nate cliaracter. Many are not probably fully aware of 
the adroit management which is practised to secure such re- 
sults as we witness in the exercise of the elective franchise. 
How did the present chief Magistrate reach his high posi- 
tion 1 No disrespect is intended towards the man. He 
was raised from comparative obscurity, to fill an office for 
20 



230 HTRTORTOAL SKETCH OF 

which he had given very doubtful evidence of fitness. To 
what is this great pubhc evil of unfitness attributable? 
The inquiry involves momentous consequences, and admon- 
ishes every man to pause, and consider whither such a 
state of things is tending. Availability has become a 
weighty matter in selecting candidates for office. The 
truth is, the public mind can be strangely imposed upon, 
or has become strangely perverted, even at this enlight- 
ened period. Passing over men whose qualifications have 
been thoroughly tested, if all is fair in the selection of an 
iuexperienced man, the experiment is not warrantable by 
prudeuce or sound policy. It is too obvious, to admit of 
a doubt, that nien^ and not measures, are becoming more 
and more the controlling motives of action, and men too, 
whose prominent qualifications consist in promoting the 
interests of a faction, at the expense of the general 
good. Hence indiscreet measures, indiscreet legislation, 
indiscreet appointments, and disastrous results. The laws 
and the government lose that respect which they ought 
to command. Public and private interests suffer, and a 
spirit of bitterness prevails. The Act which was passed in 
1854, repealing the Missouri Compromise, is one, among 
other illustrations in point. Can we believe, for a moment, 
that Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, or Gen. Jack- 
son, all southern men, would have encouraged or sanctioned 
the violation of that compact? Although in the form of an 
act of Congress, it was considered little less obligatory than 
the provision in the Constitution in relation to Slavery. It 
is well known that this provision was a compromise to af- 
fect a union of the States, and to put at rest, discordant 
views in regard to Slavery. The Missouri Compromise was 
designed to put at rest the question in regard to the exten- 
sion of the area of Slavery. There was not the least pretext 
of public necessity to disturb it. The public mind was 
generally becoming reconciled to the Compromise of 1850, 
and was tending to a quiescent state. In the midst of this 
flattering prospect of general iiarmony, it is aroused afresh 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 231 

with the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. The very 
first movements of this project impressed the pubHc mind 
with strong disapprobation. It was thought hardly possi- 
ble, that there was a serious intention to carry it into effect, 
if practicable. It was considered a rash attempt to vio- 
late a solemn obligation, which the nation was bound in 
justice and honor to hold sacred. Developments showed 
more and more, that the movers were in earnest, and that 
nothing would be left untried to accomplish their object. 

The arguments in Congress, in opposition to the measure, 
were powerful and unanswerable. A multitude of remon- 
strances, containing thousands of names of high respecta- 
bility, poured into Congress, expressing decided disappro- 
bation to it. It was considered very doubtful, for some 
time, whether sufficient strength could be mustered to 
overthrow the Missouri Compromise. After many power- 
ful strnggles, the measure was at last carried by a bare 
majority. It must be understood that it was in the power 
of the delegation from the non-slave-holding States to ar- 
rest it by an overwhelming majority. Notwithstanding ar- 
guments and remonstrances, the fatal blow could not be ar- 
rested. The event, like the opening of the fabled Pandoros 
box, has spread its evils over the land. This extraordinary 
movement may fitly be denominated the crowning act of 
the spirit of faction. It has occasioned the breaking up 
of old parties, and involved our political affairs in a state 
of inextricable confusion. A multitude of new parties have 
sprung into existence, assuming names unknown to ancient, 
or modern vocabularies. In this chaotic state of things, it 
is not easy for the man who wishes to be governed by cor- 
rect principles, to know how, or where to shape his course. 
He hears of new conventions, new combinations, and new 
platforms, but in none of them does he witness harmony of 
views, or purposes. Discord is the predominant element. 
At no period, has the question of Slavery been agitated with 
more bitterness, or exerted a more controlling influence. 



232 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 

Kansas is now the theatre where thestrnggle between Free- 
dom and Slavery is becoming more and more intense. The 
prospect is by no means flattering that it will be of short 
duration. Anarchy reigns in Kansas. The right of free 
sufi'rage cannot there be enjoyed. Border interlopers come 
in, in large numbers, and not only vote, but attempt to con- 
trol the ballot-box by force. In the frequent altercations 
and skirmishings which are the consequences of such a 
state of things, many lives have already been sacrificed. 

The eflects of destroying the Missouri Compromise r.re 
developed, in not a very cheering attitude, in the move- 
ments of Congress. This year, 1856, nine weeks were con- 
sumed in choosing a speaker. Had the Missouri Compro- 
mise remained undisturbed, there is no doubt all these mul- 
tiplied evils would have been avoided. The settlement of 
Kansas would have been like that of other portions of our 
free territory, already settled. 

In regard to one of the evils of this measure, let the 
reader bear in mind, that the long session of Congress in 
1854, was wasted, or principally occupied in destroying the 
Missouri Compromise, and that about six months of the ses- 
sion of 1855 and 1856 have already been consumed, mostly 
in agitating the Kansas difficulties. Let him calculate, if 
he can, the draft that has been made our nation for one 
unwarrantable movement. Our object in sketching these 
facts, is mainly to exhibit the results of indiscreet and 
unwarrantable [^measures. They show incontestably that 
the public interest, and the public prosperity, demand a rad- 
ical change in the qualifications of public functionaries. If 
this state of things continues, a train of disastrous results 
are inevitable. The political affairs of a nation cannot be 
discreetly and prosperously managed by factions and unfit 
men. The truth of this remark is obvious. Why is not 
the correct principle in regard to qualifications, carried into 
practice, as in the days of the infancy of our republic ? This 
question involves momentous results as it respects our future 



STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE 283 

(iesuiiy. The past, furnishes a profitable lesson for the fu- 
ture. 

The election of rulers, especially of Chief Magistrate, 
by the people, was considered one of the most impoitant 
preferences to a republican government. Is there not still 
virtue sufficient in the nation, to rescue this invaluable 
privilege, in some degree, at least, from such abuse ? 

The author would remark in conclusion, that if this hum- 
ble work should prove in any degree useful, the reflection 
will afford him some satisfaction, that his endeavors have 
not been entirely in vain. 



